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1 égalité des chances entre les femmes et les hommes
Dictionnaire juridique, politique, économique et financier > égalité des chances entre les femmes et les hommes
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2 homme
homme [ɔm]masculine noun• approche si tu es un homme ! come on if you're a man!• parler d'homme à homme to have a man-to-man talk (PROV) un homme averti en vaut deux(PROV) forewarned is forearmed* * *ɔmnom masculin1) ( espèce)2) ( genre humain)3) ( être humain) human beingun homme à la mer! — Nautisme man overboard!
4) ( adulte de sexe masculin) man•Phrasal Verbs:••un homme averti en vaut deux — Proverbe forewarned is forearmed
* * *ɔm nm1) (individu, personne) man2) (= espèce humaine)l'homme — man, mankind
* * *homme nm3 ( être humain) human being; digne du nom d'homme fit to be called human; la santé/les maladies de l'homme human health/diseases; la société des hommes human society; trop d'hommes sur la Terre too many people on Earth; un homme à la mer! Naut man overboard!; comme un seul homme as one;4 ( adulte de sexe masculin) man; sois un homme be a man; un homme fait a grown man; vélo/métier d'homme man's bicycle/job; parler d'homme à homme to speak man to man;5 ( sorte d'individu) vieil/brave homme old/good man; homme de talent man of talent; homme de génie (man of) genius; l'homme de la réunification the man who achieved reunification; l'homme de la situation the right man for the job; c'est un homme à fuir he's a man to be avoided; voilà ton homme ( que tu cherchais) that's your man; ( qui convient) he's the man for you; être l'homme de confiance de qn to be sb's right-hand man; il n'est pas homme à se venger he's not the type of man to want revenge; l'homme du jour the man of the moment;6 ○(mari, amant) man○; c'est mon homme he's my man○.homme d'action man of action; homme d'affaires businessman; homme d'armes man-at-arms; homme de l'art gén expert; ( médecin) doctor; homme de barre Naut helmsman; homme de bien philanthropist; homme des bois Anthrop wild man; Zool† orang-utang; homme des cavernes caveman; l'homme des cavernes était un chasseur the cavemen were hunters; homme d'Église man of the cloth; homme d'épée Mil soldier; homme d'équipage Naut crewman; avec 10 hommes d'équipage with a crew of 10; homme d'esprit wit; homme d'État Pol statesman; homme d'expérience man of experience; homme à femmes womanizer; homme fort Pol key man; homme au foyer Sociol house-husband; homme d'honneur man of honourGB; homme de journée Sociol day labourerGB; homme de lettres man of letters; homme de loi lawyer; homme de main hired hand; homme de ménage (male) cleaner; homme de mer seaman; homme du monde gentleman; homme de l'ombre behind-the-scenes operator; homme de paille front, straw man US; homme de parole man of his word; homme de peine labourerGB; homme de peu contemptible individual; homme du peuple man of the people; homme de plume writer; homme politique Pol politician; homme de presse Presse pressman; homme de qualité† gentleman; homme de robe lawyer; l'homme de la rue the man in the street; homme de science scientist; homme de terrain man with practical experience; Pol grass-roots politician; homme à tout faire handyman; homme de troupe Mil private; hommes en blanc journ surgeons.un homme averti en vaut deux Prov forewarned is forearmed.[ɔm] nom masculin1. [individu de sexe masculin] manil est homme à démissionner si besoin est he's the sort (of man ou person) who'll resign if necessarytrouver son homme [pour un travail] to find one's mansi vous voulez quelqu'un de tenace, Lambert est votre homme if you want somebody who'll stick at it, then Lambert's just the personhomme d'Église man of the Church ou clothhomme de science scientist, man of scienceles hommes naissent libres et égaux en droit Déclaration des droits de l'homme et du citoyen (allusion) ≃ all men are born equalle musée de l'Hommethe Paris Museum of Mankind, in the Palais de Chaillot2. [être humain] manl'homme man, mankind, humankindles hommes man, mankind, human beings3. (familier) [amant, époux]mon/son homme my/her man4. NAUTIQUE [marin]homme d'équipage crew member, crewmanhomme de quart man ou sailor on watch5. MILITAIRE6. HISTOIRE -
3 voilà
voilà [vwala]1. prepositiona. there is, there are that is, those are ; (même sens que voici) here is, here are this is, these are• voilà mon frère this is or here is my brother• voilà le livre que vous cherchiez (je le tiens) here's the book you were looking for ; (il est là-bas) there's the book you were looking for• le voilà, c'est lui there he is• le voilà qui se plaint encore there he goes, complaining again• voilà ce qu'il m'a dit/ce dont il s'agit (je viens de le dire) that's what he told me/what it's all about ; (je vais le dire) this is what he told me/what it's all aboutb. (pour résumer) ... et voilà pourquoi je n'ai pas pu le faire... and that's why I couldn't do itd. (locutions)► en voilà• en voilà une histoire ! what a story!• en voilà un imbécile ! what a fool!• en voilà assez ! that's enough!• vous voulez des preuves, en voilà you want proof, well here you are► et voilà tout and that's all there is to it2. exclamation• voilà ! j'arrive ! here I come!• voilà autre chose ! (incident) that's all I need(ed)!• voilà, tu l'as cassé ! there you are, you've broken it!* * *vwala
1.
voilà bientôt deux mois qu'elle travaille chez nous — she's been working with us for nearly two months
2.
voilà ma mère — here's ou here comes my mother
me voilà! — ( j'arrive) I'm coming!; ( je suis là) here I am!
ah! te voilà! — ah, there you are!
je n'ai pas pu venir, voilà tout — ( ne posez pas de questions) I couldn't come, that's all there is to it
voilà qui ne va pas arranger vos affaires — well, that won't sort things out for you
voilà le programme — the programme [BrE] is as follows
voilà comment — ( en introduction) this is how; ( en conclusion) that's how
seulement voilà je n'ai pas d'argent — the problem ou thing is I don't have any money
‘je voudrais la clé du trois’ - ‘voilà, madame’ — ‘I'd like the key to number three’ - ‘here you are, madam’
nous y voilà — ( à la maison) here we are; ( au cœur du sujet) now we're getting there
3.
en voilà locutionvous vouliez des explications? en voilà — you wanted more details! well, here you are (then)
4.
voilà que (colloq) locution
5.
(et) voilà! ils sont partis! — there you are, they've left!
••il a de l'argent, en veux-tu en voilà! — he has as much money as he could wish for!
* * *vwala prép1) (en désignant) (singulier) there is, (pluriel) there areTiens! Voilà Paul. — Look! There's Paul.
Voilà ma sœur. — That's my sister.
les voilà — here they are, there they are
en voilà un — here's one, there's one
Tu as perdu ton stylo? Tiens, en voilà un autre. — Have you lost your pen? Here's another one.
* * *A prép son fils est né voilà un mois his/her son was born a month ago; voilà bientôt deux mois qu'elle travaille chez nous she's been working with us for nearly two months.B présentatif1 ( pour désigner) ( en opposition à voici) et voilà une clé/des clés and there is a key/are keys; le voilà encore! there he is again!; voici ton parapluie et voilà le mien this is your umbrella and here's mine;2 ( même valeur que voici) here is [clé, livre]; here are [clés, livres]; tu cherchais ton sac? le voilà were you looking for your bag? here it is; voilà ma mère here's ou here comes my mother; attention, la voilà! watch out, here she comes!; me voilà! ( j'arrive) I'm coming!; ( je suis là) here I am!; voici mon fils et voilà ma fille this is my son and this is my daughter; ah! te voilà! c'est à cette heure que tu rentres? ah, there you are! what time do you call this?; tiens! voilà le soleil! look! here's the sun!;3 ( pour conclure) voilà tout that's all; voilà comment/pourquoi/ce que that's how/why/what; voilà où je voulais en venir that's the point I wanted to make; voilà où nous en étions that's where we were up to; voilà ce que c'est de faire le malin/désobéir that's what happens if you show off/disobey; voilà ce que déclare un jeune homme so says a young man; il est malade, voilà ce qui le tracasse he's ill, that's what's worrying him; je n'ai pas pu venir, voilà tout ( ne posez pas de questions) I couldn't come, that' s all there is to it; voilà qui ne va pas arranger vos affaires/ne se reproduira pas well, that won't sort things out for you/won't happen again; voilà qui m'arrange! that's what I need!; voilà de quoi faire réfléchir les jeunes that's something for young people to think about;4 ( en introduction) here is, this is [histoire, adresse]; here are, these are [chiffres, adresses]; voilà le programme/la solution the programmeGB/the answer is as follows; le film raconte l'histoire que voilà the film tells the following story; voilà comment/pourquoi/où ( en introduction) this is how/why/where; ( en conclusion) that's how/why/where; ‘seulement or c'est que voilà,’ dit-elle, ‘je n'ai pas d'argent’ ‘the problem ou thing is,’ she said, ‘I don't have any money’;5 ( pour souligner) voilà enfin l'été! summer's here at last!; ‘je voudrais la clé du trois’-‘voilà, madame’ ‘I'd like the key to number three’-‘here you are, madam’; nous y voilà ( à la maison) here we are; ( au cœur du sujet) now we're getting there; voilà nos amis bien perplexes/enfin au calme now our friends are really confused/have got some quiet at last; alors qu'on le croyait calmé, le voilà qui s'enfuit à nouveau just when we thought he had calmed down he runs off again; le voilà qui se remet à rire! there he goes again laughing!; à peine étais-je arrivé, le voilà qui vient vers moi I'd only just arrived when there he was coming toward(s) me; te voilà content! now you're happy!; te voilà revenu! you're back again!; vous voilà prévenus! you've been warned!; voilà bien la manie française de tout critiquer! that's the typical French habit of criticizing everything!; voilà bien les hommes! that's men for you!; voilà bien ta mauvaise foi/façon exceptionnelle de conduire! so much for your dishonesty/brilliant driving!; ridicule, voilà le mot! ridiculous! that's the word!C en voilà loc1 ( en donnant) tu veux des fraises? en voilà you'd like some strawberries? here you are; vous vouliez des explications? en voilà you wanted more details! well, here you are (then); en voilà pour dix euros here's ten euros worth;2 ( valeur exclamative) en voilà un mal élevé! what a badly brought up boy!; mon dieu! en voilà des histoires! good Lord! what a fuss!; en voilà assez! that's enough!; en voilà un qui ne recommencera pas! there's someone who won't do it again!; en voilà au moins un avec qui on peut parler! there's somebody, at least, you can talk to!D voilà que○ loc et voilà qu'une voiture arrive and the next thing was a car arrived; voilà qu'il se met à rire all of a sudden he started laughing; et voilà qu'elle refuse/qu'il tombe malade and then she had to go and refuse/he had to go and get ill GB ou sick US.E excl voilà! j'arrive! (I'm) coming!, I'm on my way!: voilà! ça arrive! (it's) coming!, it's on its way!; (et) voilà! ils sont partis! there you are, they've left!; (et) voilà! il remet ça! there he goes again!; ah! voilà! ( je comprends) oh! that's it!, I see!; on vit, on meurt, (et puis) voilà! you live, you die and that's it!il a de l'argent, en veux-tu en voilà! he has as much money as he could wish for![vwala] préposition1. [désignant ce qui est éloigné] (suivi d'un singulier) there ou that is(suivi d'un pluriel) there ou those are[opposé à 'voici']voici mon lit, voilà le tien here's ou this is my bed and there's ou that's yours2. [désignant ce qui est proche] (suivi d'un singulier) here ou this is(suivi d'un pluriel) here ou these areb. [dans des présentations] these are my parentsvoilà l'homme dont je vous ai parlé here ou this is the man I spoke to you abouttiens, les voilà! look, here ou there they are!ah, te voilà enfin! so here ou there you are at last!a. here we are!b. [dans une discussion] now...tu voulais un adversaire à ta mesure? en voilà un! you wanted an opponent worthy of you? well, you've got one!en voilà une surprise/des manières! what a surprise/way to behave!vous vouliez la clef, voilà you wanted the key, here it is ou here you arevoilà madame, ce sera tout? here you are, madam, will there be anything else?3. [caractérisant un état]la voilà recousue/cassée now it's sewn up again/broken4. [introduisant ce dont on va parler] (suivi d'un singulier) this ou here is(suivi d'un pluriel) these ou here arevoilà ce que je lui dirai this ou here is what I'll say to herque veux-tu dire par là? — eh bien voilà,... what do you mean by that? — well,...5. [pour conclure] (suivi d'un singulier) that'svoilà bien les hommes! how typical of ou how like men!voilà ce que c'est, la jalousie! that's jealousy for you!un hypocrite, voilà ce que tu es! you're nothing but a hypocrite!quelques jours de repos, voilà qui devrait te remettre sur pied a few day's rest, that should set you right againet voilà, il a encore renversé son café! I don't believe it, he spilt his coffee again!et voilà, ça devait arriver! what did I tell you!ah voilà, c'est parce qu'il avait peur! so, that explains it, he was frightened!6. [introduisant une objection, une restriction]j'en voudrais bien un, seulement voilà, c'est très cher I'd like one, but the problem is ou but you see, it's very expensivec'est facile, seulement voilà, il fallait y penser it's easy once you've thought of itvoilà, j'hésitais à vous en parler, mais... well, yes, I wasn't going to mention it, but...7. [désignant une action proche dans le temps]a. [il ne pleut pas encore] here comes the rainb. [il pleut] it's rainingvoilà Monsieur, je suis à vous dans un instant yes, sir, I'll be with you in a minuteil y a quelqu'un? — voilà, voilà anybody in? — hang on, I'm coming!ne voilà-t-il pas que (familier) : je descends de voiture et ne voilà-t-il pas qu'une contractuelle arrive! I get out of my car and guess what, a traffic warden turns up!(ne) voilà-t-il pas qu'on deviendrait coquette! vain, now, are we?8. [exprimant la durée]il est rentré voilà une heure he's been home for an hour, he came home an hour agovoilà longtemps/deux mois qu'il est parti he's been gone a long time/two months -
4 tout
c black tout, toute [tu, tut]━━━━━━━━━1. adjective3. adverb━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━► Lorsque tout fait partie d'une locution comme en tout cas, tout le temps, reportez-vous aussi à l'autre mot.━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━1. <a. ( = entier)b. ( = unique) only• pour tout mobilier, il avait un lit et une table the only furniture he had was a bed and a tablec. (indéfini)2. <• tout ce que je sais, c'est qu'il est parti all I know is that he's gone• ne croyez pas tout ce qu'il raconte don't believe everything he tells you► tout ce qu'il y a de ( = extrêmement) most• c'était tout ce qu'il y a de chic it was the last word in chic► avoir tout de + nom• l'organisation a tout d'une secte the organization is nothing less than a sect► à tout va (inf) [licencier, investir, recruter] like mad (inf) ; [libéralisme, communication, consommation] unbridled• à l'époque, on construisait à tout va at that time there were buildings going up everywhere► en tout ( = au total) in all• ça coûte 1 000 € en tout it costs 1,000 euros in all• leurs programmes politiques s'opposent en tout their political programmes clash in every way► en tout et pour tout all in all• il lui reste 150 euros en tout et pour tout he only has a total of 150 euros left► et tout (inf) and everything• avec les vacances et tout, je n'ai pas eu le temps what with the holidays and all (inf), I didn't have time• j'avais préparé le dîner, fait le ménage et tout et tout I'd made the dinner, done the housework and everything► c'est + tout• ce sera tout ? will that be all?• et ce n'est pas tout ! and that's not all!• c'est pas tout ça, mais il est tard (inf) all this is very nice, but it's getting late► ce n'est pas tout de• ce n'est pas tout de faire son métier, il faut le faire bien it's not enough just to do your job, you have to do it well• cette idée avait surpris et pour tout dire n'avait pas convaincu this idea surprised everybody and, to be honest, wasn't convincing• écoutez bien tous ! listen, all of you!━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━✦ The final s of tous is pronounced only when it is a pronoun.━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━3. <a. ► tout + adjectif ( = très) very ; ( = entièrement) quite• toute petite, elle aimait la campagne as a very small child she liked the country► tout (+ en) + nom• je suis tout ouïe ! I'm all ears!• le jardin est tout en fleurs the garden is a mass of flowers► tout + adverbeb. ( = déjà) tout prêtc. ► tout en + participe présent• je suis incapable de travailler tout en écoutant de la musique I can't work and listen to music at the same time• tout en prétendant le contraire il voulait être élu although he pretended otherwise he wanted to be electedd. (locutions)• vous êtes d'accord ? -- tout à fait ! do you agree? -- absolutely!► tout à l'heure ( = plus tard) later ; ( = peu avant) a short while ago• tout à l'heure tu as dit que... you said earlier that...• ce n'est pas pour tout de suite ( = ce n'est pas près d'arriver) it won't happen overnight ; ( = c'est improbable) it's hardly likely to happen4. <a. ( = ensemble) whole• prendre le tout to take all of it (or them)b. ( = essentiel) le tout c'est de faire vite the main thing is to be quick about it• ce n'est pas le tout de s'amuser, il faut travailler there's more to life than enjoying yourself, people have got to workc. (locutions)► du tout• pas du tout ! not at all!* * *tu
1.
en tout — ( au total) in all; ( entièrement) in every respect
tout bien compté or pesé or considéré — all in all
tout est là — fig that's the whole point
et tout et tout — (colloq) and all that sort of thing
ce n'est pas tout (que) de commencer un travail, il faut le finir — it's not enough ou it's all very well to start off a job, it's got to be finished
2) tous tus, toutes ( la totalité des êtres ou choses) all; (la totalité des éléments d'une catégorie, d'un groupe) all of them/us/youtoutes tant qu'elles sont — all of them, each and every one of them
est-ce que ça conviendra à tous? — will it suit everybody ou everyone?
2.
1) ( exprimant la totalité)bois tout ton lait — drink all your milk, drink up your milk
2) ( véritable)c'est tout un travail/événement — it's quite a job/an event
3) (devant ce qui/que/dont) ( l'ensemble) all; ( toutes les choses) everything; ( sans discrimination) anything‘tu en es sûr?’ - ‘tout ce qu'il y a de plus sûr’ — ‘are you sure?’ - ‘as sure as can be’
4) ( n'importe quel) anyà tout moment — ( n'importe quand) at any time; ( sans cesse) constantly
5) ( total)en toute innocence/franchise — in all innocence/honesty
6) (unique, seul)il a souri pour toute réponse — his only reply was a smile, he smiled by way of a reply
on lui donne quelques légumes pour tous gages — all that he gets in the way of wages is a few vegetables
en toutes choses — in all things, in everything
toutes les pages sont déchirées — all the pages are torn, every page is torn
nous irons tous les deux — both of us will go, we'll both go
8) ( chaque) tous/toutes les every
3.
adverbe (normally invariable, but agrees in gender and in number with feminine adjective beginning with consonant or h-aspirate)1) (très, extrêmement) very, quite; ( entièrement) alltout étonnées/toutes honteuses — very surprised/ashamed
tout enfant, elle aimait déjà dessiner — as a small child she already liked to draw
être tout mouillé/sale — to be all wet/dirty
c'est tout autre chose, c'est une tout autre histoire — it's a different matter altogether
2) ( devant un nom)c'est tout le portrait de sa mère — she's the spitting ou very image of her mother
c'est tout l'inverse or le contraire — it's the very opposite
avec toi, c'est tout l'un ou tout l'autre — you see everything in black and white
3) ( tout à fait)tout à côté de/contre/en haut — right by/against/at the top
ils étaient tout en sang/en sueur — they were covered in blood/bathed in sweat
4) ( d'avance)5) ( en même temps) while; ( bien que) although6) (marquant la concession: quoique)tout malin/roi qu'il est, il... — he may be clever/a king, but he...
7) ( rien d'autre que)je suis tout ouïe — hum I'm all ears
4.
du tout locution adverbiale(pas) du tout, (point) du tout — not at all
5.
1) ( ensemble)former un tout — to make up ou form a whole
2)le tout — ( la totalité) the whole lot, the lot; ( l'essentiel) the main thing
le tout est de réussir — the main ou most important thing is to succeed
ce n'est pas le tout! — (colloq) this is no good!
6.
Tout- (in compounds)le Tout-Paris/-Londres — the Paris/London smart set
Phrasal Verbs:••
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Quand tout fait partie d'une locution figée comme tous feux éteints, à tout hasard, de toute(s) part(s), tout compte fait, après tout etc, qu'il est fréquemment associé à un adjectif ou un adverbe donné comme tout nu, tout neuf, tout plein, tout simplement etc, la traduction sera donnée sous le terme principal1. Lorsque tout, adjectif singulier, exprime la totalité, plusieurs traductions sont possibles mais non toujours interchangeables. De manière généraleOn emploiera all lorsque le mot qualifié est non dénombrable: tout le vin/l'argent = all the wine/the money; tout ce bruit/leur talent = all that noise/their talent; c'est tout ce que je sais = that's all I knowOn emploiera the whole si tout peut être remplacé par entier: tout le gâteau/groupe = the whole cake/grouptout un dans le sens de entier se traduit toujours par a whole: tout un livre = a whole bookMais: connaître tout Zola/le Japon = to know the whole of Zola/Japan; lire tout ‘Les Misérables’ = to read the whole of ‘Les Misérables’; pendant tout mon séjour = for the whole of my stayAvec certains mots, en particulier les mots désignant la durée ( journée, mois, saison, vie, vacances etc), les collectifs tels que famille, on pourra employer all ou the whole, la seconde traduction étant légèrement plus emphatique: toute ma vie = all my life, the whole of my lifetout le pays/toute la ville = all the country/town ou = the whole country/town lorsque ces mots désignent la population; au sens géographique, seule la deuxième traduction convient2. throughout (ou all through) signifie du début à la fin, d'un bout à l'autre. On l'emploie souvent pour insister sur la durée ou l'étendue devant un terme singulier ou pluriel qui désigne l'espace de temps ou l'événement pendant lequel un fait a lieu, ou encore le territoire sur lequel il a lieu: pendant tout le match/tous ces mois = throughout the match/those months; la rumeur se répandit dans toute la province = the rumour [BrE] spread throughout the province; faire tout le trajet debout = to stand throughout the journey (ou for the whole journey); il neige sur toute la France = it's snowing throughout France (ou all over France)Au pluriel, tous, toutes se traduiront par all pour exprimer la totalité, par every pour insister sur les composants d'un ensemble, ou encore par any pour indiquer l'absence de discrimination. On notera que every and any sont suivis du singulier
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Quand tout fait partie d'une locution figée comme tous feux éteints, à tout hasard, de toute(s) part(s), tout compte fait, après tout etc, qu'il est fréquemment associé à un adjectif ou un adverbe donné comme tout nu, tout neuf, tout plein, tout simplement etc, la traduction sera donnée sous le terme principal1. Lorsque tout, adjectif singulier, exprime la totalité, plusieurs traductions sont possibles mais non toujours interchangeables. De manière généraleOn emploiera all lorsque le mot qualifié est non dénombrable: tout le vin/l'argent = all the wine/the money; tout ce bruit/leur talent = all that noise/their talent; c'est tout ce que je sais = that's all I knowOn emploiera the whole si tout peut être remplacé par entier: tout le gâteau/groupe = the whole cake/grouptout un dans le sens de entier se traduit toujours par a whole: tout un livre = a whole bookMais: connaître tout Zola/le Japon = to know the whole of Zola/Japan; lire tout ‘Les Misérables’ = to read the whole of ‘Les Misérables’; pendant tout mon séjour = for the whole of my stayAvec certains mots, en particulier les mots désignant la durée ( journée, mois, saison, vie, vacances etc), les collectifs tels que famille, on pourra employer all ou the whole, la seconde traduction étant légèrement plus emphatique: toute ma vie = all my life, the whole of my lifetout le pays/toute la ville = all the country/town ou = the whole country/town lorsque ces mots désignent la population; au sens géographique, seule la deuxième traduction convient2. throughout (ou all through) signifie du début à la fin, d'un bout à l'autre. On l'emploie souvent pour insister sur la durée ou l'étendue devant un terme singulier ou pluriel qui désigne l'espace de temps ou l'événement pendant lequel un fait a lieu, ou encore le territoire sur lequel il a lieu: pendant tout le match/tous ces mois = throughout the match/those months; la rumeur se répandit dans toute la province = the rumour [BrE] spread throughout the province; faire tout le trajet debout = to stand throughout the journey (ou for the whole journey); il neige sur toute la France = it's snowing throughout France (ou all over France)Au pluriel, tous, toutes se traduiront par all pour exprimer la totalité, par every pour insister sur les composants d'un ensemble, ou encore par any pour indiquer l'absence de discrimination. On notera que every and any sont suivis du singulier* * *tu, tut tout, -e tous mpl toutes fpl1. adj1) (avec article singulier) alltoute la nuit — all night, the whole night
tout le temps — all the time, the whole time
c'est toute une affaire; c'est toute une histoire — it's quite a business, it's a whole rigmarole
2) (avec article pluriel) (= chaque) every, (idée d'intégralité) alltoutes les deux semaines — every other week, every two weeks
toutes les trois semaines — every three weeks, every third week
tous les deux; Nous y sommes allés tous les deux. — We both went., Both of us went.
Nous y sommes allés tous les trois. — All three of us went.
Je les ai invités tous les trois. — I invited all three of them.
3) (sans article) (= n'importe quel)à toute heure du jour ou de la nuit — at any time of the day or night, (= seul)
pour toute nourriture, il avait... — his only food was..., (= chaque)
de tous côtés; de toutes parts (= de partout) — from everywhere, from every side, (= partout) all around
2. prontous; toutes — all
Il a tout fait. — He did everything.
Il a tout organisé. — He organized everything.
Je les vois tous. — I can see them all., I can see all of them.
Je les connais tous. — I know them all., I know all of them.
Nous y sommes tous allés. — We all went., All of us went.
Nous y sommes toutes allées. — We all went., All of us went.
tout de...; Elle a tout d'une mère. — She's a real mother., She's a true mother.
en tout — all together, altogether
tout ce que...; tout ce qu'il sait — all he knows
C'était tout ce qu'il y a de plus chic. — It was the last word in chic., It was the ultimate in chic.
3. nmCeci forme un tout. — It forms a whole.
Je prends le tout. — I'll take it all., I'll take the whole lot.
le tout est de... — the main thing is to...
4. adv1) (= très, complètement) verytout près; tout à côté — very near
Elle habite tout près. — She lives very near.
le tout premier; la toute première — the very first
tout seul; toute seule — all alone
Il est tout seul. — He's all alone.
Elle est toute seule. — She's all alone.
Il était tout rouge. — He was all red in the face.
Elle était toute rouge. — She was all red in the face.
tout de suite — immediately, straight away
2)tout en... — while...
Il a fait son travail tout en chantant. — He sang as he worked., He sang while he worked.
tout à coup; tout d'un coup — suddenly
tout court; Charles-Henri, pouvez-vous... — Je vous en prie, appelez-moi Charles tout court. — Charles-Henri, could you... — Please, just call me Charles.
communication par internet, mais aussi communication tout court — communication via the internet, but also simply communication
tout à l'heure (passé) — just now, a short while ago
Je l'ai vu tout à l'heure. — I saw him just now., (futur) shortly, in a moment
Je finirai ça tout à l'heure. — I'll finish it in a moment.
* * *A pron indéf1 tout ( chaque chose) everything; ( n'importe quoi) anything; ( l'ensemble) all; penser à tout to think of everything; tout est prêt everything is ready; le sucre, les graisses, le sel, tout me fait mal sugar, fat, salt, everything is bad for me; être tout pour qn to be everything to sb; tout peut arriver anything can happen; le chien mange (de) tout the dog will eat anything; tout est prétexte à querelle(s) any pretext will do to start a quarrel; tout n'est pas perdu all is not lost; tout ou rien all or nothing; tout ou partie de qch all or part of sth; tout va bien all's well, everything's fine; en tout ( au total) in all; ( entièrement) in every respect; en tout et pour tout all told; et tout ça parce que/pour and all because/for; tout bien compté or pesé or considéré all in all; tout est là fig that's the whole point; c'est tout dire I need say no more; et tout et tout○ and all that sort of thing; et ce n'est pas tout! and that's not all!; ce n'est pas tout (que) de commencer un travail, il faut le finir it's not enough ou it's all very well to start off a job, it's got to be finished; avoir tout d'un singe/assassin to look just like a monkey/murderer; ⇒ bien, monde, salaire, or;2 tous, toutes ( la totalité des êtres ou choses) all; (la totalité des éléments d'une catégorie, d'un groupe) all of them/us/you; nous sommes tous des pécheurs we are all sinners; le film n'est pas à la portée de tous the film is not accessible to all; merci à tous thank you all; tous ensemble all together; ce sont tous d'anciens soldats all of them are ou they are all former soldiers; il les a tous cassés he has broken all of them, he's broken them all; il l'a dit devant nous tous he said it in front of all of us; leurs enfants, tous musiciens de talent their children, all of them talented musicians; tous ne sont pas d'accord not all of them agree; toutes tant qu'elles sont all of them, each and every one of them; vous tous qui le connaissez all of you who know him; écoutez-moi tous listen to me, all of you; est-ce que ça conviendra à tous? will it suit everybody ou everyone?B adj1 ( exprimant la totalité) bois tout ton lait drink all your milk, drink up your milk; tout le reste est à jeter everything else is to be thrown away; manger tout un pain to eat a whole loaf; tout Pompéi a été enseveli the whole of Pompeii was buried; tout Nice se réjouit the whole of ou all Nice rejoiced; il a plu toute la journée it rained all day (long) ou the whole day; pendant toute une année for a whole year; la semaine se passa toute à attendre the whole ou entire week was spent waiting; j'ai passé tout mon dimanche à travailler I spent the whole of ou all Sunday working; je ne l'ai pas vu de tout l'été I haven't seen him all summer; cet enfant est toute ma vie this child is my whole life; c'est tout le plaisir que tu y trouves? is that all the pleasure ou the only pleasure it gives you?; tout le problème est là that's where the problem lies; tout cela ne compte pas none of that counts; le meilleur dentiste de toute la ville the best dentist in town; tout le monde everybody; ⇒ cœur, monde, temps;2 ( véritable) c'est tout un travail/événement it's quite a job/an event; il a fait toute une histoire he made a real ou big fuss, he made quite a fuss; c'est tout un art there's a whole art to it;3 tout ce qui/que/dont ( l'ensemble) all; ( toutes les choses) everything; ( sans discrimination) anything; tout ce qui compte all that matters; c'est tout ce que je fais that's all I do; tout ce dont j'ai besoin all I need; j'ai acheté tout ce qui était sur la liste I bought everything that was on the list; il dit tout ce qui lui passe par la tête he says anything that comes into his head; tout ce qu'il dit n'est pas vrai not all of what he says is true; tout ce que le village compte d'enfants, tout ce qu'il y a d'enfants dans le village all the children in the village; être tout ce qu'il y a de plus serviable to be most obliging; c'est tout ce qu'on fait de mieux it's the best there is; ‘tu en es sûr?’-‘tout ce qu'il y a de plus sûr’ ‘are you sure?’-‘as sure as can be’, ‘absolutely sure’;4 ( n'importe quel) any; à tout âge at any age; de toute nature of any kind; à toute heure du jour ou de la nuit at all times of the day or night; ‘service à toute heure’ ‘24 hour service’; à tout moment ( n'importe quand) at any time; ( sans cesse) constantly; tout prétexte leur est bon they'll jump at any excuse; toute personne qui anyone ou anybody who; toute autre solution serait rejetée any other solution would be rejected; tout autre que lui/toi aurait abandonné anybody else would have given up; toute publicité est interdite all advertising is prohibited; pour toute réclamation, s'adresser à… all complaints should be addressed to…; tout billet n'est pas valable not all tickets are valid; ⇒ vérité;5 (sans déterminant: total) en toute innocence/franchise in all innocence/honesty; en toute liberté with complete freedom; donner toute satisfaction to give complete satisfaction; c'est tout bénéfice it's all profit; il aurait tout intérêt à placer cet argent it would be in his best interests to invest this money; partir en toute hâte to leave in a great hurry; un jardin de toute beauté a most beautiful garden; être à toute extrémité to be close to death; ⇒ épreuve, hasard, prix, vitesse;6 (unique, seul) il a souri pour toute réponse his only reply was a smile, he smiled by way of a reply; on lui donne quelques légumes pour tous gages all that he gets in the way of wages is a few vegetables; elle a un chien pour toute compagnie the only company she has ou all she has for company is a dog;7 tous, toutes ( les uns et les autres sans distinction) all, every (+ v sg); ceci vaut pour tous les candidats this applies to all candidates ou to every candidate; en tous pays in all countries, in every country; en toutes choses in all things, in everything; toutes les pages sont déchirées all the pages are torn, every page is torn; les lettres ont toutes été signées the letters have all been signed; j'ai toutes les raisons de me plaindre I have every reason to complain; tous les hommes sont mortels all men are mortal; il a fait tous les métiers he's done all sorts of jobs; tous les prétextes leur sont bons they'll use any excuse (pour to); meubles tous budgets furniture to suit every pocket; tous deux se levèrent both of them got up, they both got up; nous irons tous les deux both of us will go, we'll both go; je les prends tous les trois/quatre etc I'm taking all three/four etc (of them);8 ( chaque) tous/toutes les every; à tous les coins de rue on every street corner; saisir toutes les occasions to seize every opportunity; tous les jours/mois/ans every day/month/year; tous les quarts d'heure/10 mètres every quarter of an hour/10 metres; un cachet toutes les quatre heures one tablet every four hours; tous les deux jours/mois every other day/month; tous les combien? how often?C adv (normally invariable, but agrees in gender and in number with feminine adjective beginning with consonant or h-aspirate)1 (très, extrêmement) very, quite; ( entièrement) all; tout doucement very gently; ils sont tout contents they are very happy; elles sont tout étonnées/toutes honteuses they are very surprised/ashamed; être tout excité to be very ou all excited; être tout jeune/petit to be very young/small; tout enfant, elle aimait déjà dessiner as a small child she already liked to draw; c'est tout naturel it's quite natural; des yeux tout ronds de surprise eyes wide with surprise; être tout mouillé/sale to be all wet/dirty; tout seul dans la vie all alone in life; faire qch tout seul to do sth all by oneself; c'est tout autre chose, c'est une tout autre histoire it's a different matter altogether;2 ( devant un nom) c'est tout le portrait de sa mère she's the spitting ou very image of her mother; c'est tout l'inverse or le contraire it's the very opposite; ça m'en a tout l'air it looks very much like it to me; tu as tout le temps d'y réfléchir you've got plenty of time to think it over; avec toi, c'est tout l'un ou tout l'autre you see everything in black and white;3 ( tout à fait) la toute dernière ligne the very last line; les tout premiers fruits de l'été the very first fruits of summer; j'habite tout près I live very close by ou very near; tout près de very close to, very near; tout à côté de/contre/en haut right by/against/at the top; il les a mangés tout crus he ate them raw; un gâteau tout entier a whole cake; j'en sais tout autant que lui I know just as much as he does; c'est tout aussi cher it's just as expensive; vêtue tout de noir, tout de noir vêtue dressed all in black; maison tout en longueur very long and narrow house; un jeu tout en finesse a very subtle game; une semaine toute de fatigue a very tiring week; une vie toute de soucis a life full of worry; ils étaient tout en sang/en sueur they were covered in blood/bathed in sweat; être tout en larmes to be in floods of tears; la colline est tout en fleurs the hill is a mass of flowers; elle est tout(e) à son travail she's totally absorbed in her work;4 ( d'avance) tout prêt ready-made; sauces/idées toutes faites ready-made sauces/ideas; des légumes tout épluchés ready-peeled vegetables; ⇒ cuit, vu;5 ( en même temps) while; ( bien que) although; il lisait tout en marchant he was reading as he walked; elle le défendait tout en le sachant coupable she defended him although she knew he was guilty; ⇒ en;6 (marquant la concession: quoique) tout aussi étrange que cela paraisse however strange it may seem; tout prudemment que l'on conduise however carefully one drives; tout malins qu'ils sont, ils… clever though they may be, they…, they may be clever, but they…; toute reine qu'elle est, elle ne peut pas faire ça she may be a queen, but she can't do that;7 ( rien d'autre que) être tout énergie/muscle to be all energy/muscle; être tout sourires to be all smiles; je suis tout ouïe hum I'm all ears; veste tout cuir/laine all leather/wool jacket; ⇒ feu, sucre.D du tout loc adv pas du tout, point du tout liter not at all; sans savoir du tout without knowing at all; je ne le vois plus du tout I don't see him at all now; il ne m'en reste plus du tout I have none left at all; crois-tu qu'il m'ait remercié? du tout! do you think he thanked me? not at all!1 ( ensemble) former un tout to make up ou form a whole; mon tout ( charade) my whole, my all; du tout au tout completely;2 le tout ( la totalité) the whole lot, the lot; ( l'essentiel) the main thing; vendre le tout pour 200 euros to sell the (whole) lot for 200 euros; le tout est de réussir/qu'il réussisse the main ou most important thing is to succeed/that he should succeed; le Grand Tout Relig the Great Whole; ce n'est pas le tout○! this is no good!tout à coup suddenly; tout d'un coup ( soudain) suddenly; ( à la fois) all at once; tout à fait ( entièrement) quite, absolutely; ce n'est pas tout à fait vrai/pareil it's not quite true/the same thing; c'est tout à fait vrai it's quite ou absolutely true; ‘tu es d'accord?’-‘tout à fait’ ‘do you agree?’-‘absolutely’; il est tout à fait charmant he's absolutely ou perfectly charming; être tout à fait pour/contre to be totally for/against; tout à l'heure ( bientôt) in a moment; ( peu avant) a little while ago, just now; à tout à l'heure! see you later!; tout de même ( quand même) all the same, even so; ( indigné) tout de même! really!, honestly!; ( vraiment) quite; tu aurais tout de même pu faire attention! all the same ou even so you might have been careful!; c'est tout de même un peu fort! really ou honestly, it's a bit much!; c'est tout de même bizarre que it's quite strange that; tout de suite at once, straight away; ce n'est pas pour tout de suite ( ce n'est pas pressé) there's no rush; ( ce sera long) it's going to take some time.tout est bien qui finit bien all's well that ends well; être tout yeux tout oreilles to be very attentive.[tu, devant voyelle ou h muet tut ] ( féminin toute [tut], pluriel masculin tous [ adjectif tu, pronom tus], pluriel féminin toutes [tut]) adjectif qualificatif (au singulier)il se plaint toute la journée he complains all the time ou the whole day longtout ceci/cela all (of) this/thatj'ai tout mon temps I've plenty of time ou all the time in the worldavec lui, c'est tout l'un ou tout l'autre with him, it's either (all) black or (all) white2. [devant un nom propre] allj'ai visité tout Paris en huit jours I saw all ou the whole of Paris in a week3. [devant un nom sans article]rouler à toute vitesse to drive at full ou top speeden toute franchise/simplicité in all sincerity/simplicity4. [avec une valeur emphatique]5. (comme adverbe) [entièrement] completely6. [unique, seul] onlyma fille est tout mon bonheur my daughter is my sole ou only source of happiness7. [suivi d'une relative]tout ce qui me gêne, c'est la différence d'âge the only thing ou all I'm worried about is the age differencetout ce qu'il y a de: ses enfants sont tout ce qu'il y a de bien élevés his children are very well-behaved ou are models of good behaviour————————[tu, devant voyelle ou h muet tut ] ( féminin toute [tut], pluriel masculin tous [ adjectif tu, pronom tus], pluriel féminin toutes [tut]) déterminant (adjectif indéfini)tout citoyen a des droits every citizen has rights, all citizens have rightspour tout renseignement, écrivez-nous for further information, write to usde tout temps since time immemorial, from the beginning of timeen tout temps throughout ou all through historytout autre que lui aurait refusé anyone other than him ou anybody else would have refusedB.[AU PLURIEL]1. [exprimant la totalité] alltous les hommes all men, the whole of mankindtous les gens everybody, everyoneje veux tous les détails I want all the details ou the full details2. [devant un nom sans article]ils étaient 150 000, toutes disciplines/races confondues there were 150,000 of them, taking all disciplines/races together3. [exprimant la périodicité] everytoutes les deux semaines every other week, every second week, every two weeksà prendre toutes les quatre heures to be taken every four hours ou at four-hourly intervals————————[tu, devant voyelle ou h muet tut ] ( féminin toute [tut], pluriel masculin tous [ adjectif tu, pronom tus], pluriel féminin toutes [tut]) pronom indéfini[n'importe quoi] anythingce sera tout? [dans un magasin] will be that all?, anything else?ce n'est pas tout de faire des enfants, il faut les élever ensuite having children is one thing, but then you've got to bring them upêtre tout pour quelqu'un to be everything for somebody, to mean everything to somebodyon aura tout vu! now I've ou we've seen everything!a. [objets] that's everythingb. [problème] that's the whole point ou the crux of the matteravec toi c'est tout ou rien with you, it's all or nothing ou one extreme or the othertout se passe comme si... it's as though...à tout faire [produit] all-purposetout bien considéré, tout bien réfléchi all things consideredB.[AU PLURIEL]1. [désignant ce dont on a parlé]il y a plusieurs points de vue, tous sont intéressants there are several points of view, they are all interestingj'adore les prunes — prends-les toutes I love plums — take them all ou all of them2. [avec une valeur récapitulative] allJean, Pierre, Jacques, tous voulaient la voir Jean, Pierre, Jacques, they all wanted to see her3. [tout le monde]à vous tous qui m'avez aidé, merci to all of you who helped me, thank youtous tant ou autant que nous sommes all of us, every (single) one of ustout ( féminin toute, pluriel féminin toutes) adverbe (s'accorde en genre et en nombre devant un adjectif féminin commençant par une consonne ou un h aspiré)ils étaient tout seuls they were quite ou completely alonesa chevelure était toute hérissée his/her hair was all messyses tout premiers mots his/her very first wordstout mouillé wet ou soaked through, drenchedtout simplement/autrement quite simply/differentlytéléphone-moi, tout simplement just phone me, that's the easiest (way)une toile tout coton a 100% cotton cloth, an all cotton materialil est toute bonté/générosité he is goodness/generosity itselfça, c'est tout lui! that's typical of him ou just like him!2. [en intensif]tout en haut/bas right at the top/bottom3. [déjà]tout prêt ou préparé ready-madetout bébé, elle dansait déjà even as a baby, she was already dancing4. (avec un gérondif) [indiquant la simultanéité][indiquant la concession]tout en avouant son ignorance dans ce domaine, il continuait à me contredire although he'd confessed his ignorance in that field, he kept on contradicting metout nom masculin1. [ensemble] wholemon tout est un instrument de musique [dans une charade] my whole ou all is a musical instrument2. [l'essentiel]ce n'est pas le tout de critiquer, il faut pouvoir proposer autre chose it's not enough to criticize, you've got to be able to suggest something elsejouer ou risquer le tout pour le tout to risk (one's) alltenter le tout pour le tout to make a (final) desperate attempt ou a last ditch effortc'est un tout it's all the same, it makes no difference————————du tout locution adverbialeje vous dérange? — du tout, du tout! am I disturbing you? — not at all ou not in the least!elle finissait son café sans du tout se soucier de notre présence she was finishing her coffee without paying any attention to us at all ou whatsoever————————en tout locution adverbialeen tout et pour tout locution adverbialeen tout et pour tout, nous avons dépensé 300 euros all in all, we've spent 300 eurostout à coup locution adverbialetout à fait locution adverbiale2. [exactement] exactlyc'est tout à fait ce que je cherche/le même it's exactly what I've been looking for/the same3. [oui] certainly————————tout de même locution adverbialej'irai tout de même all the same, I'll still go2. [en intensif]tout de même, tu exagères! steady on!, that's a bit much!————————tout de suite locution adverbiale2. [dans l'espace] immediately————————tout... que locution conjonctivetout directeur qu'il est ou qu'il soit,... he may well be the boss,... -
5 bord
bord [bɔʀ]masculine nouna. [de route] side ; [de rivière] bank ; [de cratère] rim ; [de lac, table, précipice, assiette] edge ; [de verre, tasse] rim• au bord du lac/de la rivière by the lake/the river• au bord or sur le bord de la route by the roadside• le verre était rempli jusqu'au bord or à ras bord the glass was full to the brim• au bord du désespoir/des larmes on the verge of despair/of tearsb. [de vêtement, mouchoir] edge ; [de chapeau] brim• bord à bord [coudre, coller] edge to edgec. [de bateau] side• jeter qn/qch par-dessus bord to throw sb/sth overboard• M. Morand, à bord d'une voiture bleue Mr Morand, driving a blue car• journal or livre de bord logd. ( = bordée) tirer un bord to tacke. ( = camp) side* * *bɔʀnom masculin1) ( limite) gén edge; ( de route) side; ( de cours d'eau) bankau bord de — lit on ou at the edge of [chemin, lac, rivière]; fig on the brink of [drame]; on the verge of [faillite]
au bord de l'eau — [restaurant] waterside (épith); [manger, jouer] by the waterside
au bord de la mer — [maison, village, terrain] by the sea (après n); [activité, vacances] at the seaside (après n)
du bord de mer — [avenue, village, activité] seaside (épith)
2) ( pourtour) (de tasse, verre, cratère, lunettes) rim; ( de chapeau) brimà bords relevés — [chapeau] with a turned-up brim
3) ( dans un véhicule)à bord — [être, travailler, dîner, dormir] on board, aboard
monter à bord — to go aboard, to board
à bord d'un navire/avion — on board a ship/plane
par-dessus bord — [tomber, jeter] overboard
de bord — [instrument, personnel] on board (après n)
on fera (colloq) avec les moyens du bord — we'll make do with what we've got
5) ( côté) sidetirer des bords — ( en bateau) to tack
* * *bɔʀ nm1) [table, falaise] edge, [verre, assiette] rimau bord de [précipice, falaise] — on the edge of
le bord du trottoir — the kerb Grande-Bretagne the curb USA
2) [rivière, lac] bankLes bords du lac sont boisés. — The banks of the lake are wooded.
Ils ont une villa au bord du lac. — They have a villa on the lakeshore.
3) [route] sideau bord de la route — on the side of the road, at the roadside
Jane a garé sa voiture au bord de la route. — Jane parked her car on the side of the road.
être au bord de [faillite, larmes, évanouissement] — to be on the verge of
Il était au bord des larmes. — He was on the verge of tears.
un peu... sur les bords — a little... around the edges
* * *bord nm1 ( limite) gén edge; ( de route) side; ( de cours d'eau) bank; le bord de l'assiette the edge of the plate; sur le or au bord de la route on ou at the side of the road; au bord de lit on ou at the edge of [chemin, lac, rivière]; fig on the brink of [drame, précipice, chaos]; on the verge of [faillite, divorce, mort]; ils se sont assis au bord du lac they sat down by the lake; au bord de l'eau [restaurant] waterside ( épith); [manger, jouer] by the waterside; notre maison est au bord de l'eau our house is on the waterside; au bord de la mer [maison, village, terrain] by the sea ( après n); [activité, vacances] at the seaside ( après n); le bord de la mer the seaside; du bord de mer [avenue, village, activité] seaside ( épith); les bords de (la) Seine the banks of the Seine; bord à bord edge-to-edge; virage à bord relevé bend with a (raised) camber;2 ( pourtour) (de tasse, verre, cratère, lunettes) rim; ( de chapeau) brim; à bords relevés [chapeau] with a turned-up brim; soucoupe à large bord wide-rimmed saucer; ⇒ ras;3 ( dans un véhicule) à bord [être, travailler, dîner, dormir] on board, aboard; monter à bord to go aboard, to board; nous sommes restés/avons été retenus à bord we stayed/have been detained on board; le travail à bord work on board; il y avait 200 passagers à bord there were 200 passengers on board; le capitaine/l'hélicoptère les a pris à son bord the captain/the helicopter took them on board; à bord d'un navire/avion/train/bus on board a ship/plane/train/bus; un incendie s'est déclaré à bord a fire broke out on board; les missiles embarqués à bord du sous-marin the missiles on board the submarine; ils sont partis à bord de leur voiture/d'une camionnette volée they left in their car/a stolen van; par-dessus bord [tomber, jeter] overboard; de bord [instrument, personnel] on board ( après n); on se débrouillera or on fera○ avec les moyens du bord we'll make do with what we've got;4 fig ( tendance) side; je ne suis pas de leur bord I'm not on their side; ils sont du même bord they're on the same side; des deux/de tous bords from both/all sides; il est un peu anarchiste/alcoolique sur les bords he has slightly anarchic/alcoholic tendencies;5 ( côté) side; ils passaient d'un bord à l'autre de la frontière they were crossing from one side of the border to the other; nous étions projetés d'un bord à l'autre pendant la tempête we were thrown from one side to the other during the storm; de hauts bords [navire] high-sided ( épith); rouler bord sur bord [navire] to roll in the swell; tirer des bords Naut to tack.[bɔr] nom masculina. [généralement] on the river bankb. [en ville] on the waterfrontsur les bords de Seine on the embankment (in Paris), on the banks of the Seinea. [de la mer] to get back to the shore ou beachb. [d'une rivière] to get back to the bankc. [d'une piscine] to get back to the sidele bord ou les bords de mer the seaside2. [pourtour - d'une plaie] edge ; [ - d'une assiette, d'une baignoire] rim, edge ; [ - d'un verre] rimremplir un verre jusqu'au bord to fill a glass to the brim ou to the top[replié et cousu] hem[décoratif] borderchapeau à larges bords wide-brimmed ou broad-brimmed hat[navire]5. [opinion] side————————à bord locution adverbialeavant de monter à bord before boarding ou going aboard————————à bord de locution prépositionnelleà bord d'un navire/d'une voiture on board a ship/carmonter à bord d'un bateau/avion to board a boat/plane————————au bord de locution prépositionnelle1. [en bordure de]se promener au bord de l'eau/la mer to walk at the water's edge/the seasideau bord des larmes/de la dépression on the verge of tears/a nervous breakdownbord à bord locution adverbiale————————de bord locution adjectivale[journal, livre, commandant] ship's————————sur les bords locution adverbiale -
6 devant
devant [d(ə)vɑ̃]1. prepositiona. ( = en face de) in front of ; ( = le long de) past• il marchait devant moi he was walking in front of or ahead of me• regarde devant toi look in front or ahead of youc. ( = en présence de) in front of• cela s'est passé juste devant nous or nos yeux it happened before our very eyesd. ( = face à) faced with ; ( = étant donné) in view of2. adverb• tu as mis ton pull devant derrière you've put your sweater on back-to-front (Brit) or backwards (US)b. ( = en avant) ahead• marchez devant, les enfants walk in front, children• passe devant, je te rejoindrai go on ahead and I'll catch up with you• passez devant, je ne suis pas pressé you go first, I'm in no hurry3. masculine noun4. plural masculine noun* * *
I
1. dəvɑ̃1) ( en face de)devant quelqu'un/quelque chose — in front of somebody/something
regarder/marcher droit devant soi — to look/walk straight ahead
2) ( près de) outsidecela s'est passé devant chez moi — it happened in front of ou outside my house
il attendait devant la porte — ( à l'extérieur) he was waiting outside the door; ( à l'intérieur) he was waiting by the door
3) ( en présence de)cela s'est passé devant nous/nos yeux — it took place in front of us/before our very eyes
4) ( face à)fuir devant le danger — to run away from danger, to flee in the face of danger
l'impuissance des mots devant le malheur — the inadequacy of language when confronted with misfortune
5) ( en avant de)la voiture devant nous — the car ahead ou in front of us
il était si fatigué qu'il ne pouvait plus mettre un pied devant l'autre — he was so tired he could hardly put one foot in front of the other
elle est passée devant moi, elle m'est passée devant — (colloq) ( dans une file) she jumped the queue GB ou cut in line US and went ahead of me
6) ( de reste)
2.
1) ( en face)‘où est la poste?’ - ‘tu es juste devant’ — ‘where's the post office?’ - ‘you're right in front of it’
2) ( en tête)je passe devant, si vous le permettez — ( pour montrer le chemin) I'll go ahead of you, if you don't mind
3) ( à l'avant) (dans une salle, un théâtre) at the front; ( dans une voiture) in the front
II dəvɑ̃nom masculin (de vêtement, maison, scène) frontde devant — [dents, chambre, porte] front
••* * *d(ə)vɑ̃1. vbSee:2. adv1) [placer] [situé] in frontIl marchait devant. — He was walking in front.
2) [passer]On est passés devant hier. — We went past it yesterday.
3) (= en avant) aheadIl est déjà loin devant. — He's already a long way ahead.
3. prépIl était assis devant moi. — He was sitting in front of me.
Nous sommes passés devant chez toi. — We went past your house.
Ils sont devant nous sur le plan technique. — They're ahead of us technically.
2) (en présence de) [notaire, magistrat, parent] in front of, beforeDevant le juge, il ne faisait plus le fier. — He wasn't so full of himself once he was before the judge.
3) (= face à) [événement] in the face of, [danger] in the face of4) (= étant donné) [circonstances, attitude] in view ofDevant son attitude, je préfère renoncer. — In view of his attitude, I'd rather give up the idea.
4. nm1) [immeuble, objet] frontles pattes de devant — the front legs, the forelegs
5. devants nmpl* * *I.A prép1 ( en face de) devant qn/qch in front of sb/sth; la voiture est garée devant la maison the car is parked in front of the house; il est assis devant la fenêtre he's sitting at the window; tu as mis ton pull devant derrière you've put your jumper on back to front; le bus est passé devant moi sans s'arrêter the bus went straight past me without stopping; regarder/marcher droit devant soi to look/walk straight ahead; regarde devant toi quand tu marches! look where you're going!; il était assis devant une bière he was sitting with a beer in front of him; pousse -toi de devant la télévision move away from the television ; enlève ça de devant moi ( obstacle à la vue) move that away, I can't see; ( obstacle au passage) move that out of my way;2 ( près de) outside; on se retrouve devant le théâtre let's meet outside the theatreGB; cela s'est passé devant chez moi it happened in front of ou outside my house; il attendait devant la porte ( à l'extérieur) he was waiting outside the door; ( à l'intérieur) he was waiting by the door;3 ( en présence de) il l'a dit devant moi he said it in front of me; il tremblait devant le juge he stood before the judge, trembling; il doit comparaître devant la Cour Suprême he has to appear before the Supreme Court ; tous les hommes sont égaux devant la loi all men are equal in the eyes of the law; je jure devant Dieu I swear before God; on est toujours ému devant un tel spectacle it's always such a moving sight; il ne fume jamais devant ses parents ( c'est interdit) he never smokes in front of his parents; il s'inclina devant elle he bowed before her; cela s'est passé devant nous/nos yeux it took place in front of us/before our very eyes; devant la situation, il faut faire faced with ou in view of the situation, it's necessary to do; je m'incline devant tes arguments I bow to your arguments; à la porte, il s'effaça devant moi when we got to the door, he stood back to let me pass; passer devant le maire to get married;4 ( face à) fuir devant le danger to run away from danger, to flee in the face of danger; hésiter devant le danger to hesitate in the face of danger; je recule devant ce genre de responsabilité I shy away from that kind of responsibility; l'égalité devant l'éducation equality in education; devant l'inévitable/la difficulté faced with the inevitable/difficulty; l'impuissance des mots devant le malheur the inadequacy of language when confronted with misfortune; la réaction des étudiants devant le texte the reaction of the students when faced ou confronted with the text; ils ont reconnu leur impuissance devant mon cas they had to admit they couldn't help me;5 ( en avant de) la voiture devant nous the car ahead ou in front of us; il était si fatigué qu'il ne pouvait plus mettre un pied devant l'autre he was so tired he could hardly put one foot in front of the other; elle est passée devant moi, elle m'est passée devant○ ( dans une file) she jumped the queue GB ou cut in line US and went ahead of me; laisser passer quelqu'un devant (soi) to let somebody go first;6 ( de reste) avoir beaucoup de travail devant soi to have a lot of work to do; avoir du temps devant soi to have plenty of time; avoir de l'argent devant soi to have some money to spare; avoir un mois devant soi to have a whole month ahead of one; avoir toute la vie devant soi to have one's whole life ahead of one.B adv1 ( en face) si tu passes devant, achète-moi un livre if you're passing it ou the bookshop, buy me a book; ‘où est la poste?’-‘tu es juste devant’ ‘where's the post office?’-‘you're right in front of it’;2 ( en tête) je passe devant, si vous le permettez ( pour montrer le chemin) I'll go ahead of you, if you don't mind; puis-je passer devant? ( dans une file) do you mind if I go before you?; pars devant, je te rejoins go ahead, I'll catch up with you;3 ( à l'avant) (dans une salle, un théâtre) at the front; ( dans une voiture) in the front; j'ai pris des places devant I've booked GB ou reserved seats at the front.sortir les pieds devant○ to leave feet first; se retrouver Gros Jean comme devant to be back at square one, to be back where one started.II.devant nm (de vêtement, maison, scène) front; une chambre sur le devant a room at the front; de devant [dents, chambre, porte] front; ⇒ scène.devant de cheminée fire-screen.prendre les devants to take the initiative; il savait qu'on allait le licencier: il a pris les devants et a démissionné he knew he was going to be made redundant: he pre-empted it by resigning ou he took the initiative and resigned first.[dəvɑ̃] préposition1. [en face de] in front of[avec mouvement] past2. [en avant de] in front of[en avance sur] ahead ofa. to go straight on ou ahead3. [en présence de]a. [devant les gens présents] to cry in front of everyoneb. [en public] to cry in publicje jure devant Dieu... I swear to God...[étant donné] given————————[dəvɑ̃] adverbe1. [à l'avant]devant derrière back to front, the wrong way round2. [en face]3. [en tête]passe devant, tu verras mieux come ou go through you'll get a better view————————[dəvɑ̃] nom masculin[généralement] frontprendre les devants to make the first move, to be the first to act————————de devant locution adjectivale[dent, porte] front————————de devant locution prépositionnelle -
7 aussi
aussi [osi]1. adverba. ( = également) too, also► aussi... que as... asc. ( = si, tellement) sod. ( = tout autant) aussi bien just as well2. conjunction• je suis faible, aussi ai-je besoin d'aide I'm weak, therefore I need help* * *osi
1.
1) ( également) too, as well, alsomoi aussi, j'ai du travail — I have work too
2) ( dans une comparaison)cette émission concerne les femmes aussi bien que les hommes — this programme [BrE] concerns women as well as men
3) (si, tellement) so
2.
1) ( en conséquence) so, consequentlyje m'en doutais, aussi ne suis-je guère surprise — I suspected it, so I'm not entirely surprised
2) (colloq) ( d'ailleurs)‘on lui a volé son sac’ - ‘quelle idée aussi de le laisser traîner!’ — ‘her bag was stolen’ - ‘well, it was stupid to leave it lying about!’
mais aussi, pourquoi est-ce que tu y es allée? — why on earth did you go there?
* * *osi1. adv1) (= également) also, tooJ'aimerais aussi que tu achètes le journal. — I'd also like you to get the paper., I'd like you to get the paper too.
Je parle anglais et aussi allemand. — I speak English and also German., I speak English and German too.
Lui aussi parle espagnol. — He speaks Spanish too., He too speaks Spanish.
Je l'ai vu lui aussi. — I saw him too., I also saw him.
"Dors bien." — "Toi aussi." — "Sleep well." — "You too."
2) (comparaison) (= autant)aussi... que — as... as
Il est aussi grand que moi. — He's as tall as me.
Elle peut le faire aussi bien que moi. — She can do it as well as I can.
3) (= si, tellement) soElle n'avait jamais rien mangé d'aussi bon. — She had never eaten anything so good.
On peut aussi bien tout laisser tomber. — We might just as well drop everything.
2. conjtherefore, consequently* * *A adv1 ( également) too, as well, also; moi aussi, j'ai du travail I have work too; il sera absent et moi aussi he'll be away and so will I; je suis allée à Paris, à Lyon et aussi à Montpellier I went to Paris, Lyons and Montpellier too ou as well, I went to Paris, Lyons and also Montpellier; ‘j'adore le jazz’-‘moi aussi’ ‘I love jazz’-‘me too’, ‘so do I’; elle est professeur, elle aussi she's a teacher too ou as well; mon père aussi était vétérinaire my father was a vet too ou as well; nous partons aussi we're leaving too ou as well; c'est aussi notre opinion that's our opinion too ou as well, that's also our opinion; il est peintre et aussi musicien he's a painter and also a musician, he's a painter and a musician too ou as well; ‘bonne journée!’-‘merci, toi aussi!’ ‘have a nice day!’-‘thanks, you too!’;2 ( dans une comparaison) aussi âgé/gentil/ennuyeux/débordé que as old/kind/boring/overloaded as; aussi étrange/ridicule que cela puisse paraître (as) strange/ridiculous as it may seem; aussi riche soit-elle (as) rich as she may be; aussi riche qu'elle soit rich though she is, however rich she is; cette émission concerne les femmes aussi bien que les hommes this programmeGB concerns women as well as men; aussi longtemps que as long as; c'est aussi bien it's just as well; c'est aussi bien comme cela lit it's just as good like that; fig it's just as well;3 (si, tellement) so; je ne savais pas qu'il était aussi vieux I didn't know he was so old; je n'ai jamais rien vu d'aussi beau I've never seen anything so beautiful; on n'en fait plus d'aussi beaux aujourd'hui they don't make such nice ones nowadays; dans une aussi belle maison in such a nice house; après une aussi longue absence after such a long absence, after being away so long; obtenir d'aussi bons résultats to get such good results.B conj1 ( en conséquence) so, consequently; sa voiture n'a pas démarré, aussi elle a été en retard her car wouldn't start, so she was late; il a beaucoup travaillé, aussi a-t-il réussi he worked hard, so ou consequently he succeeded; je m'en doutais, aussi ne suis-je guère surprise I suspected it, so I'm not entirely surprised;2 ○(mais, d'ailleurs) ‘on lui a volé son sac’-‘quelle idée aussi de le laisser traîner!’ ‘her bag was stolen’-‘well, it was stupid to leave it lying about!’; mais aussi, pourquoi est-ce que tu y es allée? why on earth did you go there?[osi] adverbeelle aussi travaille à Rome she too works in Rome, she works in Rome as wellil a faim, moi aussi he's hungry, and so am I ou me tooelle parle russe, moi aussi SHE speaks Russian and so do Ielle travaille aussi à Rome she also works in Rome, she works in Rome too ou as well3. [terme de comparaison] (devant adjectif)elle est aussi belle qu'intelligente ou qu'elle est intelligente she is as beautiful as she is intelligentil ne s'attendait pas à être payé aussi rapidement que cela he didn't expect to be paid as quickly as that ou that quicklyil ne s'est jamais senti aussi bien que depuis qu'il a arrêté de fumer he's never felt so well since he stopped smoking4. [tellement] so[avec un adjectif épithète] suchaussi léger qu'il soit ou aussi léger soit-il, je ne pourrai pas le porter light as it is, I won't be able to carry itaussi curieux que cela puisse paraître strange as ou though it may seem————————[osi] conjonctionil était très timide, aussi n'osa-t-il rien répondre he was very shy, and so he didn't dare reply2. [d'ailleurs]on ne lui a rien dit, aussi pourquoi n'a-t-il pas demandé? we didn't tell him anything, but in any case, why didn't he ask? -
8 cavaler
➭ TABLE 1 intransitive verb* * *
1.
(colloq) kavale verbe intransitif ( courir) to rush about
2.
se cavaler (colloq) verbe pronominal to leg it (colloq), to scarper (colloq), to run* * *cavaler○ verb table: aimerA vi1 ( courir) to rush about; cavaler dans to rush around [magasins, ville]; cavaler après qn/qch to chase after sb/sth;2 ( courir après les femmes) to be a womanizer, to chase after girls; ( courir après les hommes) to chase after men.B se cavaler○ vpr to leg it○, to scarper○, to run.[kavale] verbe intransitif1. [courir] to run ou to rush (around)2. [se hâter] to get a move on3. [à la recherche de femmes] to chase women[à la recherche d'hommes] to chase men————————se cavaler verbe pronominal intransitif -
9 le
le [lə]━━━━━━━━━1. article2. pronoun━━━━━━━━━, la [la]━━━━━━━━━1. article2. pronoun━━━━━━━━━1. <━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━a. theb. ( = par) a• 50 € le mètre 50 euros a metre• 50 € le litre 50 euros a litrec. (fraction) ad. (dans les généralisations, avec les noms non comptables)━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━► L'article défini français n'est pas traduit en anglais dans les généralisations, avec les noms non comptables et dans certaines expressions de temps.━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━e. (possession)━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━► Lorsque l'article se réfère à une partie du corps d'une personne définie, il se traduit généralement par le possessif, sauf après to have.━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━2. <━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━a. (objet direct) ( = chose, animal dont on ignore le sexe) it ; ( = homme, enfant ou animal mâle) him ; ( = femme, enfant ou animal femelle) her• une araignée ! tue-la ! a spider! kill it!• je te prête cette robe, mets-la pour aller à la fête I'll lend you this dress, you can wear it to the party• voilà Jean, regarde-le, il est en pyjama there's Jean, look at him, he's in his pyjamasb. ( = cela) it• il était ministre, il ne l'est plus he used to be a minister but he isn't any longer• appelle-les ! call them!* * *
1.
1) ( avec complément de nom)la jupe/fille de ma sœur — my sister's skirt/daughter
3) ( avec un nom d'espèce)l'homme préhistorique/de Cro-Magnon — prehistoric/Cro-Magnon man
4) ( avec un nom propre)la Saint-Michel — St. Michael's day
5) ( avec un adjectif)7) (pour donner un prix, une fréquence etc) a, an8) ( dans les exclamations)
2.
pronom personnelje ne le/la/les comprends pas — I don't understand him/her/them
3.
pronom neutre1) ( complément)je le savais — ( j'étais au courant) I knew; ( j'aurais dû m'en douter) I knew it
si je ne le fais pas, qui le fera? — if I don't do it, who will?
je le croyais aussi, mais... — I thought so too, but...
si c'est lui qui le dit... — if he says so...
‘ils auront fini demain’ - ‘espérons-le!’ — ‘they'll have finished tomorrow’ - ‘let's hope so!’
2) ( attribut)‘est-elle satisfaite?’ - ‘je ne crois pas qu'elle le soit’ — ‘is she satisfied?’ - ‘I don't think so’
••
le, la, les article défini se traduit par the (invariable) quand le nom qu'il précède est déterminé par un contexte supposé connu de l'interlocuteur: passe-moi le sel = pass me the salt; le déjeuner d'anniversaire = the birthday lunch; le courage de faire = the courage to doIl ne se traduit pas quand ce nom exprime une généralité ou que son contexte est indéterminé: le sel de mer = sea salt; pendant le déjeuner = during lunch; le courage seul ne suffit pas = courage alone isn't enough- the se prononce ðə devant consonne et h aspiré, ðɪ devant voyelle et h muet (hour, honest, honour [BrE], heir), et ði: quand il est employé de manière emphatique pour indiquer l'excellence (comme le en français dans c'est le poète de la liberté)- Sont traités ci-dessous les cas où l'article se traduit différemment de the, ou ne se traduit pas, ou se rend par une structure particulière, à l'exclusion de ceux qui sont développés dans les notes d'usage répertoriées, notamment celles concernant les jours de la semaine, maladies, jeux, nationalités, langues, pays, nombres, titres etc- Dans la composition du superlatif, l'anglais ne répète pas l'article: l'homme le plus riche/intelligent du monde = the richest/most intelligent man in the world- Les noms de plat sur un menu ne prennent pas d'article: le steak au poivre vert = steak with green peppercorns- Il n'y a pas d'article après whose: les enfants dont la mère... = the children whose mother...- L'article se traduit avec les noms d'inventions: la charrue = the plough GB ou plow US; l'ordinateur = the computer, voir également la note- Noter: la Terre est ronde = the earth is round mais sur la planète Terre = on planet Earth et au contraire de la Terre, Mars... = unlike Earth, Mars...Le pronom personnel se traduit selon le genre et le nombre de l'antécédent en anglais: him pour représenter une personne de sexe masculin, un animal familier mâle; her pour une personne de sexe féminin, un animal familier femelle, un bateau, un véhicule qu'on aime bien ou dont on parle avec ironie; it pour une chose, un concept, un pays, une institution, un animal; them pour un antécédent pluriel* * *l la (la) l' (devant un nom commençant par une voyelle ou un h muet) les pl1. art déf1) theJe déteste la violence. — I hate violence.
Évitez de vous laver le visage avec du savon. — Avoid washing your face with soap.
4) (moment, date)le jeudi (d'habitude) — on Thursdays, (= ce jeudi-là) on Thursday
Nous venons le 3 décembre. — We're coming on 3 December.
Il est arrivé le douze mai. — He arrived on 12 May.
5)6) (fraction)2. pronJe le vois. — I can see him.
Je la vois. — I can see her.
Je les vois. — I can see them.
Daniel est un vieil ami: je le connais depuis plus de vingt ans. — Daniel is an old friend: I've known him for over 20 years.
C'est une femme intelligente: je l'admire beaucoup. — She's an intelligent woman: I admire her very much.
La chatte miaule, je vais la nourrir. — The cat's miaowing, I'll go and feed her.
Je les envie. — I envy them.
2) (chose, abstraction, animal dont on ignore le sexe) (singulier) it, (pluriel) themC'est une bonne émission: je la regarde toutes les semaines. — It's a good programme: I watch it every week.
Où est mon stylo? Je ne le trouve plus. — Where's my pen? I can't find it.
"Où est le fromage?" - - "Je l'ai mis au frigo." — "Where's the cheese?" - - "I've put it in the fridge."
Un lézard! Je vais le prendre en photo. — A lizard! I'll take a photo of it.
Tes lunettes? Je les vois. — Your glasses? I can see them.
Je ne le savais pas. — I didn't know.
Il était riche et ne l'est plus. — He was once rich but no longer is.
* * *A art déf1 ( avec complément de nom) la jupe/fille de ma sœur my sister's skirt/daughter; les chapitres du livre the chapters of the book; la table de la cuisine the kitchen table;2 ( en parlant d'une personne) il est arrivé les mains dans les poches he came with his hands in his pockets; elle s'est cogné le bras she banged her arm; elle m'a pris par le bras she took me by the arm; elle a reçu une tomate dans l'œil a tomato hit her in the eye;3 ( avec un nom d'espèce) l'homme préhistorique/de Cro-Magnon prehistoric/Cro-Magnon man; l'araignée n'est pas un insecte spiders are not insects, the spider isn't an insect; les droits de l'enfant children's rights; elle aime les chevaux she likes horses;4 ( avec un nom propre) les Dupont the Duponts; les Newton, Einstein et autres génies the Newtons, Einsteins and other geniuses; la Marion○ ( femme) Marion; la Fleurette (vache, jument) old Fleurette; Le Caravage Caravaggio; la Caballé Caballé; la Noël Christmas; la Saint-Michel St. Michael's day; le roi Olaf King Olaf; j'ai acheté le Cézanne/la Volvo® I bought the Cézanne/the Volvo®;5 ( avec un adjectif) je prendrai la bleue/la plus foncée I'll take the blue one/the darkest one; le ridicule de cette affaire what is ridiculous about this matter; les pauvres the poor; Pierre le Grand Peter the Great;6 ( avec préposition et nombre) arriver sur or vers les 11 heures to arrive about 11 o'clock; coûter dans les 20 euros to cost about 20 euros; il doit avoir dans la cinquantaine he must be about fifty;7 (pour donner un prix, une fréquence etc) a, an; 5 euros le kilo/la douzaine 5 euros a kilo/a dozen; trois fois la semaine/l'an three times a week/a year;8 ( dans les exclamations) l'imbécile! the fool!; ah, l'imbécile! what a fool!; la pauvre! the poor thing!; la méchante! the naughty girl!; (oh) la jolie robe! what a pretty dress!B pron pers je ne le/la/les comprends pas I don't understand him/her/them.C pron neutre1 ( complément) je le savais ( je suis au courant) I knew; ( j'aurais dû m'en douter) I knew it; je ne veux pas le savoir I don't want to know (about it); si je ne le fais pas, qui le fera? if I don't do it, who will?; je le croyais aussi, mais… I thought so too, but…; si c'est lui qui le dit… if HE says so…; tu vois, je te l'avais dit! you see, I told you so!; je te l'avais bien dit qu'il avait tort I did tell you that he was wrong; ‘ils auront fini demain’-‘espérons-le!’ ‘they'll have finished tomorrow’-‘let's hope so!’; comme tu peux bien l'imaginer, le train avait du retard as you can well imagine, the train was late;2 ( attribut) ‘est-elle satisfaite?’-‘je ne crois pas qu'elle le soit’ ‘is she satisfied?’-‘I don't think she is’ ou ‘I don't think so’; le jardin n'était pas entretenu, maintenant il l'est the garden GB ou yard US wasn't tidy, now it is.[lə] (devant voyelle ou 'h' muet l' [l], féminin la [la], pluriel les [le]) déterminant (article défini)1. [avec un nom commun] the2. [dans le temps][devant une date]le 15 janvier 1991 15 January, 1991a. he came to see us on the 15th of August ou on August the 15thb. [par écrit] he came to see us on August 153. [dans les fractions] a, anle quart/tiers de a quarter/third of4. [avec un sens distributif]deux euros le kilo two euros a ou per kilole docteur reçoit le lundi et le vendredi ou les lundis et vendredis the doctor sees patients on Monday and Friday ou Mondays and Fridays5. [avec valeur d'adjectif démonstratif]6. [avec une valeur expressive] what an ou aalors, les amis, comment ça va? well, folks, how are you?7. [avec valeur d'adjectif possessif]le chapeau sur la tête her/his etc. hat on his/her etc. head8. [avec une valeur généralisante]le cheval, comme d'autres mammifères... the horse ou horses, like other mammals...9. [marquant l'approximation]vers les 4 h about ou around 4 o'clock10. [avec un nom propre] theles Bourbons, les Stuarts the Bourbons, the Stuarts————————1. [complément d'objet - homme] him ; [ - femme, nation, bateau] her ; [ - chose, animal] it ; [ - bébé, animal domestique] him, her, itce bordeaux, je l'ai déjà goûté I've already tasted this ou that Bordeauxil l'a probablement oublié, ton livre he's probably forgotten your book ou that book of yours2. [représentant une proposition]elle est partie hier soir, du moins je l'ai entendu dire she left last night, at least that's what I've heardallez, dis-le-lui go on, tell him (about it)3. [comme attribut]pour être timide, ça, il l'est! boy, is he shy!, talk about shy! -
10 chez
chez [∫e]• être/rester chez soi to be/stay at home to be/stay in• faites comme chez vous ! make yourself at home!• on n'est plus chez soi avec tous ces touristes ! it doesn't feel like home any more with all these tourists around!• chez moi, c'est tout petit my place is tiny• il séjourne chez moi he is staying at my house or with me• chez M. Lebrun (sur une adresse) c/o Mr Lebrun• chez les fourmis/le singe in ants/monkeys• chez les hommes/les femmes (Sport) in the men's/women's evente. (avec personne, œuvre) chez Balzac in Balzac• chez lui, c'est une habitude it's a habit with him* * *ʃe1) ( au domicile de)2) (au magasin, cabinet de)la montre ne vient pas de chez nous — this watch doesn't come from our shop GB ou store US
va chez Hallé, c'est un très bon médecin — go to Hallé, he's/she's a very good doctor
‘chez Juliette’ — ( sur une enseigne) ‘Juliette's’
3) ( dans la famille de)chez moi/vous/eux — in my/your/their family
ça va bien/mal chez eux — things are going well/badly for them
4) (dans le pays, la région de)chez nous — ( d'où je viens) where I come from; ( où j'habite) where I live
chez eux ils appellent ça... — in their part of the world they call this...
un nom bien de chez nous — (colloq) ( de France) a good old French name; ( de notre région) a good old local name
5) ( parmi) amongchez l'homme/l'animal — in man/animals
6) ( dans la personnalité de)ce que j'aime chez elle, c'est son humour — what I like about her, is her sense of humour [BrE]
7) ( dans l'œuvre de) in* * *ʃe prép1) (situation: dans la demeure de)chez qn — at sb's house, at sb's place
chez moi — at my house, at home
Chez moi, c'est moderne: la maison a dû être construite il y a une vingtaine d'années. — My house is modern: it must have been built about twenty years ago.
Je suis resté chez moi ce week-end. — I stayed at home this weekend.
2) (direction: à la demeure de)chez qn — to sb's house, to sb's place
chez moi — to my house, home
Viens chez moi, je te montrerai ma collection de timbres. — Come to my house, I'll show you my stamp collection.
Viens chez moi, il y une chambre d'amis. — Come and stay at my place, there's a spare bed.
3) (= à l'entreprise de) (situation) at, (direction) toIl travaille chez Renault. — He works for Renault., He works at Renault.
Je vais chez Larousse cet après-midi. — I'm going to Larousse this afternoon.
4) (avec profession libérale, un magasin) (situation) at, (direction) tochez le boulanger (situation) — at the baker's, (direction) to the baker's
chez le dentiste (situation) — at the dentist's, (direction) to the dentist's
J'ai rendez-vous chez le dentiste demain matin. — I've got an appointment at the dentist's tomorrow morning.
Je vais chez le dentiste. — I'm going to the dentist's.
5) (= dans le caractère, l'œuvre de) inChez lui, c'est une obsession. — With him it's an obsession.
* * *chez prép1 ( au domicile de) chez qn at sb's place; chez David at David's (place); rentre chez toi go home; je reste/travaille/mange chez moi I stay/work/eat at home; tu peux dormir/rester chez moi you can sleep/stay at my place; viens chez moi come to my place; on va chez toi ou chez moi? your place or mine?; on passe chez elle en route we call in on her on the way; de chez qn [téléphoner, sortir, venir] from sb's place; de Paris à chez moi from Paris to my place; je ne veux pas de ça chez moi! I'll have none of that in my home!; fais comme chez toi aussi iron make yourself at home also iron; il a été suivi jusque chez lui he was followed home; derrière chez eux il y a une immense forêt there is a huge forest behind their house; chez qui l'as-tu rencontré? whose place did you meet him at?; vous habitez chez vos parents? do you live with your parents?; faire irruption chez qn to burst in on sb; il a retrouvé le livre chez lui he found the book at home;2 ⇒ Les métiers et les professions (magasin, usine, cabinet etc) je ne me sers plus chez eux I don't go there any more; la montre ne vient pas de chez nous this watch doesn't come from our shop GB ou store US; en vente chez tous les dépositaires on sale at all agents; il ne se fait plus soigner les dents chez elle he doesn't use her as a dentist any more; va chez Hallé, c'est un très bon médecin go to Hallé, he's a very good doctor; s'habiller chez un grand couturier to buy one's clothes from a top designer; une montre de chez Lip a Lip watch; paru or publié chez Hachette published by Hachette; le nouveau parfum de chez Patou the new perfume by Patou; je fais mes courses chez l'épicier du coin I do my shopping at the local grocer's; il travaille chez Merlin-Gerin he works at Merlin-Gerin; ‘chez Juliette’ ( sur une enseigne) ‘Juliette's’; il va passer à la télévision, chez Rapp he's going to be on television, on the Rapp show; être convoqué chez le patron ( à son bureau) to be called in before the boss;3 ( dans la famille de) chez moi/vous/eux in my/your/their family; comment ça va chez les Pichon? how are the Pichons doing?; ça va bien/mal chez eux things are going well/badly for them;4 (dans le pays, la région de) chez nous ( d'où je viens) where I come from; ( où j'habite) where I live; c'est une expression de chez nous it's a local expression; chez eux ils appellent ça… in their part of the world they call this…; un nom/fromage bien de chez nous○ ( de France) a good old French name/cheese; ( de notre région) a good old local name/cheese;5 ( parmi) among, chez les enseignants/les femmes enceintes/les Romains among teachers/pregnant women/the Romans; chez les insectes among insects; maladie fréquente chez les bovins common disease in cattle; chez l'homme/l'animal in man/animals;6 ( dans la personnalité de) qu'est-ce que tu aimes chez un homme? what do you like in a man?; ce que j'aime chez elle, c'est son humour what I like about her, is her sense of humourGB; c'est une obsession chez elle! it's an obsession with her!;7 ( dans l'œuvre de) in; chez Cocteau/Mozart/les surréalistes in Cocteau/Mozart/the surrealists; un thème récurrent chez Buñuel/Prévert a recurrent theme in Buñuel/Prévert.[ʃe] préposition1. [dans la demeure de]est-elle chez elle en ce moment? is she at home ou in at the moment?il habite chez moi en ce moment he's living with me ou he's staying at my place at the momenta. [à pied] she walked him homeb. [en voiture] she gave him a lift homeça s'est passé pas loin de/devant chez nous it happened not far from/right outside where we livechez M. Durand [dans une adresse] care of Mr Durandb. (ironique) do make yourself at home, won't youa. [dans ma famille] in my ou our familyb. [dans mon pays] in my ou our countryc'est une coutume/un accent bien de chez nous it's a typical local custom/accent2. [dans un magasin, une société etc.]aller chez le coiffeur/le médecin to go to the hairdresser's/the doctor'sje l'ai acheté chez Denver & Smith I bought it from Denver \_ Smithune robe de chez Dior a Dior dress, a dress designed by Dioril a travaillé chez IBM he worked at ou for IBMil a fait ses études chez les jésuites he studied with the Jesuits ou at a Jesuit school3. [dans un pays, un groupe]chez l'homme/la femme in men/women4. [dans une personne]il y a quelque chose que j'apprécie particulièrement chez eux, c'est leur générosité something I particularly like about them is their generosity5. [dans l'œuvre de] in -
11 lever
lever [l(ə)ve]➭ TABLE 51. transitive verb• lever le pied ( = ralentir) to slow downb. ( = arrêter) [+ blocus] to raise ; [+ séance, audience] to bring to an end ; [+ obstacle, difficulté, scellés] to remove ; [+ interdiction, sanction, restriction] to lift ; [+ ambiguïté] to clear up ; [+ immunité parlementaire] to take away• on lève la séance ? (inf) shall we call it a day?c. ( = prélever) [+ impôts] to levy ; [+ fonds] to raise ; (Cards) [+ pli] to take ; [+ morceau de viande] to removee. ( = sortir du lit) [+ enfant, malade] to get up2. intransitive verb[plante, blé] to come up [pâte] to rise3. reflexive verb► se levera. ( = se mettre debout) to stand up• se lever de table/de sa chaise to get down from the table/get up from one's chair• levez-vous ! stand up!b. ( = sortir du lit) to get up• ce matin, il s'est levé du pied gauche he got out of bed on the wrong side this morning• il faut se lever de bonne heure pour le convaincre ! (inf) you'll have your work cut out to persuade himc. [soleil, lune] to rise ; [jour] to break ; [vent] to get up ; [brume] to lift ; [rideau, main] to go up4. masculine noun• le lever du rideau ( = commencement d'une pièce) curtain up* * *
I
1. ləve1) ( dresser) gén to raiselever la main or le doigt — ( pour parler) to put up one's hand
lever la main sur quelqu'un — ( frapper) to raise a hand to somebody
lever les yeux or la tête — ( regarder) to look up (sur, vers at)
sans lever les yeux — [dire, répondre] without looking up; [travailler, étudier] without a break
2) ( soulever) to lift [objet]; to raise [barrière]lever le rideau — Théâtre to raise the curtain
lever les filets — ( à la pêche) to haul in the nets
3) ( sortir du lit) to get [somebody] up [enfants, malade]4) ( mettre fin à) to lift [embargo, contrôle]; to raise [siège]; to dispel [doute, mystère]; to end [tabou, secret, audience]; to remove [obstacle, difficultés]; to close [séance]5) ( collecter) to raise [capitaux, fonds]; to levy [impôt]6) ( recruter) to levy [troupes]7) ( débusquer) to flush out [gibier]lever un lièvre — lit to start a hare
2.
verbe intransitif1) Culinaire [pâte] to rise2) Agriculture [semis, blé] to come up
3.
se lever verbe pronominal1) ( sortir du lit) to get upil faut se lever de bonne heure (colloq) pour comprendre ce qu'il dit — fig you need to be pretty (colloq) clever to understand what he says
2) ( se mettre debout) to stand up‘accusé, levez-vous!’ — Droit ‘the accused will stand’
3) ( s'insurger) [personne, peuple] to rise up ( contre against)4) ( apparaître) [soleil, lune] to rise ( sur over)5) ( s'agiter) [vent] to rise; [brise] to get up; ( s'éclaircir) [nuages, brume] to clear; [temps] to clear up
II ləvenom masculin1) ( sortie du lit)2) Géographie = levé 3.•Phrasal Verbs:* * *ləve1. vt1) [vitre, bras] to raiseLevez la main si vous connaissez la réponse. — Put your hand up if you know the answer.
2) [objet lourd] to lift, to raiseJe n'arrive pas à le lever. — I can't lift it.
3) [interdiction, siège] to lift, [difficulté] to remove4) [séance] to close5) [impôts, armée] to levy7) * [fille, garçon] to pick up, to pull *2. viCUISINE, [pâte] to rise3. nm2) [astre]au lever du soleil — at sunrise, when the sun rises
3)* * *lever verb table: leverA nm1 ( sortie du lit) au lever, boire un jus de fruit on getting up, drink some fruit juice; être là au lever des enfants to be there when the children get up;B vtr1 ( dresser) gén to raise [main, doigt, bras, poing, sourcil, jambe]; lever la main or le doigt ( pour parler) to put up one's hand; lever la main sur qn ( pour frapper) to raise one's hand to sb; lever les bras au ciel to throw up one's hands (de in); lever le pied gén to lift up one's foot; ( ralentir) lit, fig to slow down; ( partir)○ to clear off○; lève les pieds quand tu marches! pick your feet up when you walk!; lever les yeux or la tête ( regarder) to look up (sur, vers at); ne pas lever les yeux or le nez○ de qch not to look up from sth; sans lever les yeux [dire, répondre] without looking up; [travailler, étudier] without a break; lever les yeux au ciel to raise one's eyes to heaven; lever la patte○ ( uriner) [chien] to cock a leg; il a levé la patte contre l'arbre it cocked its leg up against the tree; lever son cul◑ to get off one's arse◑ GB ou ass◑ US; ⇒ doigt;2 ( soulever) to lift [objet]; to raise [barrière]; lever un chargement de quelques mètres to lift a load a few metresGB; lever son verre to raise one's glass (à to); lever le rideau Théât to raise the curtain; lever une vitre Aut to wind up a window; lever les filets Pêche to haul in the nets;3 ( sortir du lit) to get [sb] up [enfants, malade];4 ( mettre fin à) to lift [embargo, sanction, peine, contrôle]; to raise [siège]; to dispel [doute, malentendu, ambiguïté, mystère]; to end [tabou, secret, isolement, audience]; to remove [obstacle, difficultés, incertitude]; to close [séance];6 ( recruter) to levy [troupes];8 Chasse ( débusquer) to flush out [gibier, perdrix]; lever un lièvre lit to start a hare; fig to open a can of worms;9 Géog lever un plan to carry out a survey;10 Culin ( découper) lever un filet (de poisson) to fillet a fish; lever une cuisse de poulet to carve a chicken leg;11 ○( séduire) to pick up○ [homme, femme, client].C vi1 Culin [pâte] to rise;D se lever vpr1 ( sortir du lit) to get up; se lever tôt/la nuit to get up early/in the night; avoir du mal à se lever to find it difficult to get up; il faut se lever de bonne heure○ pour comprendre ce qu'il dit you need to be pretty clever○ to understand what he says; ⇒ gauche;2 ( se mettre debout) to stand up; se lever de sa chaise to rise from one's chair; il l'a aidée à se lever he helped her to her feet; se lever pour applaudir to rise to one's feet to applaud; se lever de table to get up from the table; ‘accusé, levez-vous!’ Jur ‘the accused will stand’; se lever sur ses étriers Équit to stand on one's stirrups; ‘lève-toi et marche’ ‘arise, take up thy bed and walk’;3 ( se dresser) [partie du corps] to rise; des mains se sont levées some hands went up; des poings se lèvent fists are being shaken;4 ( s'insurger) [personne, peuple] to rise up (contre against);5 ( apparaître) [soleil, lune] to rise (sur over); le soleil va se lever the sun is about to rise; le jour se lève it's getting light;6 Météo ( s'agiter) [vent] to rise; [brise] to get up; ( s'éclaircir) [nuages, brouillard, brume] to clear; [temps] to clear up;7 Théât le rideau se lève the curtain rises (sur on).lever des couleurs Mil raising of the coloursGB; lever du drapeau raising of the flag; lever du jour daybreak; au lever du jour at daybreak; lever de rideau ( début de la représentation) curtain up; ( prélude) curtain raiser; partir au/manquer le lever de rideau to leave at/to miss curtain up; en lever de rideau, match Ali-Chang as a curtain raiser, Ali vs Chang match; lever du roi Hist King's levee; assister au lever du roi to be present at the King's levee; lever du soleil sunrise; au lever du soleil at sunrise.I[ləve] nom masculin1. [apparition]le lever du jour daybreak, dawn2. [fait de quitter le lit]elle boit un grand verre d'eau au lever she drinks a big glass of water as soon as she gets up ou first thing in the morning3. THÉÂTREun lever de rideau [pièce] a curtain raiser4. [d'un plan] surveyII[ləve] verbe transitifA.[soulever] to lift[redresser] to lift uplevons nos verres à sa réussite let's raise our glasses to ou let's drink to his successlever l'étendard de la révolte to rise up in revolt, to raise the banner (of rebellion)lever la tête to lift ou to raise one's headlever le pied [automobiliste] to drive slowlylever les yeux [de son livre etc.] to look uplever les yeux au ciel to lift up ou to raise one's eyes to heavenlever les bras au ciel to lift up ou to raise one's arms to heaven3. [sortir du lit]lever quelqu'un to get somebody up, to get somebody out of bedB.1. [ramasser - filets de pêche] to raise ; [ - courrier, impôt] to collect2. [dessiner - carte] to draw (up)4. [faire cesser - blocus, interdiction] to lift ; [ - séance, audience] to close ; [ - scrupules, ambiguïté] to remove ; [ - punition] to lift ; [ - obstacle] to get rid of, to remove5. BOURSElever les cartes to take ou to pick up a trickC.————————[ləve] verbe intransitif1. [pousser - blé] to come up (inseparable)————————se lever verbe pronominal intransitif1. [monter] to go uptous les yeux ou regards se levèrent vers elle all eyes turned towards herse lever de sa chaise to get up ou to rise from one's chairil est temps que les hommes de bonne volonté se lèvent it is time for men of goodwill to stand up and be countedje ne peux pas me lever le matin I can't get up ou I can't get out of bed in the morningpour la prendre en défaut il faut se lever tôt ou de bonne heure! (figuré) you'd have to be on your toes to catch her out!pour trouver du bon pain ici, tu peux te lever de bonne heure you've got your work cut out finding ou you'll be a long time finding good bread round here5. MÉTÉOROLOGIE [vent] to get up[orage] to breakle temps se lève [il fait meilleur] the sky's clearing (up)6. (littéraire) [surgir, naître] to rise (up) -
12 quel
quel, quelle [kεl]1. adjective• quel est cet auteur ? who is that author?• quelles ont été les raisons de son départ ? what were the reasons for his leaving?• quel acteur préférez-vous ? which actor do you prefer?• quel est le vin le moins cher des trois ? which wine is the cheapest of the three?• quelle surprise ! what a surprise!• quel courage ! what courage!• quel imbécile je suis ! what a fool I am!• quel (sale) temps ! what rotten weather!• quelle que soit votre décision, écrivez-nous write to us whatever you decide• les hommes, quels qu'ils soient all men, irrespective of who they are• de tous ces enfants, quel est le plus intelligent ? of all these children, which is the most intelligent?• des deux solutions quelle est celle que vous préférez ? of the two solutions, which do you prefer?* * *
1.
quelle kɛl déterminant interrogatifde ces deux médicaments, quel est le plus efficace? — which of these two medicines is more effective?
2.
3.
adjectif exclamatif what
4.
quelles qu'aient pu être tes raisons, tu n'aurais jamais dû faire cela — whatever your reasons may have been, you should never have done that
quelle que soit la route que l'on prenne — whatever ou whichever road we take
••
quel déterminant interrogatif se traduit généralement par who lorsque la question porte sur des personnes: quel est ce jeune homme? = who is that young man?; et par what dans les autres cas: quelle est la capitale du Togo? = what is the capital of Togo?Toutefois lorsque la question porte sur un nombre de possibilités que l'on sait restreint, on utilisera which: quel est le musicien français qui a composé ‘le Boléro’? = what French musician composed ‘Bolero’?; mais quel est le musicien français qui a composé ‘le Boléro’? Debussy, Ravel ou Poulenc? = which French musician composed ‘Bolero’? Debussy, Ravel or Poulenc?On remarquera par ailleurs que l'inversion du sujet dans les propositions interrogatives indirectes en français n'est pas reproduite en anglais: je me demande quel est son avis sur la question = I wonder what his/her opinion on the matter isquel adjectif interrogatif se traduit soit par what lorsque le contexte est vague et les possibilités infinies: quel musicien vas-tu écouter? = what musician are you going to listen to?; soit par which lorsque le contexte est spécifique et le nombre de possibilités limité: dans quel tiroir as-tu mis la lettre? = which drawer did you put the letter in? Voir I ci-dessousOn remarquera qu'en anglais lorsque la question comporte une préposition plusieurs cas sont possibles: dans quel pays habite-t-elle? = what country does she live in?; = in what country does she live? La première traduction est utilisée dans la langue courante, parlée ou écrite. La deuxième sera préférée dans une langue plus soutenue, surtout écrite. Voir II ci-dessousLes autres fonctions de quel sont traitées ci-dessous en III et IVPar ailleurs certains emplois de quel sont traités dans les notes d'usage, notamment celles qui portent sur l'âge, l'heure etc. Voir* * *kɛl (quelle)1. adj interrogatif1) (personne) who2) (chose) what4) (exclamatif)2. adj relatifquel que soit; quel que soit le coupable — whoever is guilty
3. pron interrogatifDe ces solutions, quelle est la meilleure? — Which of these solutions is the best?
De ces candidats, quel est votre favori? — Which of these candidates do you like best?
* * *A dét inter quels sont les pays membres de la CEE? what are the member countries of the EEC?; je me demande quelle est la meilleure solution I wonder what the best solution is; de ces deux médicaments, quel est le plus efficace? which of these two medicines is more effective?; de tous les employés, quel est le plus compétent? of all the employees, who is the most competent?B adj inter dans quels pays as-tu vécu? what countries have you lived in?; quels peintres appartenaient à cette école? what ou which painters belonged to this school?; de quel étage a-t-il sauté? which floor did he jump from?; de quelle couleur est ta voiture? what colourGB is your car?; quelle heure est-il? what time is it?; à quelle heure le film commence-t-il? (at) what time does the film start?; mais quel monstre êtes-vous donc? what kind of monster are you?; quel âge as-tu? how old are you?; si tu savais à quel point il m'agace! if you only knew how much he irritates me!; tu as remarqué avec quelle méchanceté elle lui a répondu? did you notice how snappily she answered him?; tout le monde sait avec quel courage vous avez accompli votre mission everybody knows how bravely you carried out your mission.C adj excl what; quel imbécile! what an idiot!; quel homme! what a man!; quelle idée bizarre! what a weird idea!; quelle coïncidence! what a coincidence!; quel bonheur (que) de les voir enfin réunis! how delightful it is to see them together again at last!; quelle horreur! how dreadful!D adj rel j'accepte votre proposition, quels qu'en soient les risques I accept your offer whatever the risks may be; quelles qu'aient pu être tes raisons, tu n'aurais jamais dû faire cela whatever your reasons may have been you should never have done that; quelle que soit la route que l'on prenne whatever ou whichever road we take; quel que soit l'hôtel où ils sont descendus whatever ou whichever hotel they are staying at; quel que soit le vainqueur whoever the winner may be; quel que soit l'endroit où il se sont arrêtés wherever they stopped; quelle que soit mon admiration pour lui however much I admire him, much as I admire him.[kɛl] ( féminin quelle, pluriel masculin quels, pluriel féminin quelles) déterminant (adjectif interrogatif)[personne] whichde quel côté es-tu? which ou whose side are you on?quelle heure est-il? what's the time?, what time is it?————————[kɛl] ( féminin quelle, pluriel masculin quels, pluriel féminin quelles) déterminant (adjectif exclamatif)il s'est exprimé en japonais, et avec quelle aisance! he spoke in Japanese, and so fluently too!quelle ne fut pas ma surprise (quand je le vis entrer)! (soutenu) imagine my surprise (when I saw him come in)!————————[kɛl] ( féminin quelle, pluriel masculin quels, pluriel féminin quelles) déterminant (adjectif relatif)[en corrélation avec 'que' - personne] whoever ; [ - animal] whichever ; [ - chose] whichever, whateveril a refusé de recevoir les nouveaux arrivants, quels qu'ils fussent he refused to see the new arrivals, whoever they werequelle que soit l'assurance que vous choisissiez... whichever the insurance policy you choose...————————de tous vos matches, quel fut le plus difficile? of all the matches you've played, which (one) was the most difficult ou which was the most difficult one? -
13 coquetterie
coquetterie [kɔkεtʀi]feminine noun( = élégance) interest in one's appearance* * *kɔkɛtʀi1) ( souci de plaire) interest in one's appearance; ( excessif) vanity2) ( envers les hommes) coquetry3) ( maniérisme) affectationses coquetteries — ( minauderies) her coquettish ways
••avoir une coquetterie dans l'œil — (colloq) to have a cast in one's eye
* * *kɔkɛtʀi nf1) (= goût de la toilette) concern about one's appearance2) péjoratif vanity3)* * *coquetterie nf1 ( souci de plaire) interest in one's appearance; ( excessif) vanity; s'habiller avec coquetterie to dress stylishly; par coquetterie out of vanity;2 ( envers les hommes) coquetry;4 liter ( amour-propre) elle met toute sa coquetterie à parler leur langue she prides herself on speaking their language.avoir une coquetterie dans l'œil○ to have a cast in one's eye.[kɔkɛtri] nom féminin2. (littéraire) [flirt] act of coquetry ou flirtatiousness3. (familier & locution)avoir une coquetterie dans l'œil to have a cast in one's eye ou a slight squint -
14 depuis
depuis [dəpyi]━━━━━━━━━1. preposition2. adverb━━━━━━━━━1. <━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━► Notez l'emploi de for lorsque l'on parle d'une durée, et de since lorsque l'on parle d'un point de départ dans le temps.━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━► Pour exprimer une durée, le présent français devient un parfait en anglais, l'imparfait un pluperfect.━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━► Dans les questions, for est généralement omis.━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━• depuis combien de temps travaillez-vous ici ? -- depuis cinq ans how long have you been working here? -- five years• tu le connais depuis longtemps ? -- depuis toujours have you known him long? -- I've known him all my life• depuis quand le connaissez-vous ? how long have you known him?• depuis qu'il habite ici, il n'a cessé de se plaindre he hasn't stopped complaining since he came to live here• depuis que je fais de la natation, je me sens mieux I've been feeling better since I started swimming• depuis le temps qu'on ne s'était pas vus ! it's ages since we last saw each other!• depuis le temps que je dis que je vais lui écrire ! I've been saying I'll write to him for ages!► depuis peud. ► depuis... jusqu'à from... to2. <• depuis, nous sommes sans nouvelles since then we have had no news* * *dəpɥi
1.
adverbe since
2.
1) ( marquant le point de départ) since2) ( marquant la durée) fordepuis quand or combien de temps est-ce qu'elle enseigne? — how long has she been teaching?
3) ( marquant le lieu) from4) ( dans une série) from
3.
depuis que locution conjonctive gén since; ( pour renforcer) ever since
••
depuis se traduit généralement par since: elle a démontré, depuis, qu'elle pouvait le faire = she has since demonstrated that she could do it. Lorsqu'on veut insister sur le temps qui s'est écoulé depuis l'action dont on parle on peut renforcer since par ever: nous nous sommes disputés hier, depuis il me fait la tête = we had an argument yesterday, he's been in a mood ever since. Attention, cette construction ne marche pas à la forme négative: depuis il ne me parle plus = he hasn't talked to me sincedepuis préposition de temps se traduit par since lorsqu'il sert à indiquer un point de départ, une date, une heure précise: depuis 1789/2 heures du matin/le début = since 1789/2 am/the beginning, et par for lorsqu'il sert à indiquer une durée, un nombre de jours, d'heures: depuis deux heures/six ans/quelques mois = for two hours/six years/a few monthsdepuis + datej'apprends l'anglais depuis l'âge de 12 ans = I've been learning English since I was 12; cette maison nous appartient depuis 1876 = we've owned this house since 1876; je le connais depuis l'été dernier = I've known him since last summer; je n'ai rien mangé depuis hier soir = I haven't eaten since yesterday evening; il a fait trois films depuis le début de sa carrière = he's made three films since the beginning of his career; il neigeait depuis 2 h de l'après midi = it had been snowing since 2 pm; il n'avait pas plu depuis dimanche = it hadn't rained since Sunday. On notera l'emploi de la forme progressive: il habite ici depuis 1990/le mois de janvier = he's lived here since 1990/January, he's been living here since 1990/Januarydepuis + duréeil travaille ici depuis quelques années/dix ans = he's worked here for a few years/ten years; nous marchons depuis deux heures = we've been walking for two hours; je n'ai pas eu de nouvelles depuis six mois = I haven't had any news for six months; je dormais depuis une heure = I had been sleeping for an hour; je ne les avais pas vus depuis cinq ans = I hadn't seen them for five yearsOn trouvera des exemples supplémentaires et les autres emplois de la préposition depuis et de la locution conjonctive depuis que dans l'entrée* * *dəpɥi1. prép1) (point de départ dans le temps) sinceIl habite Paris depuis 1993. — He has been living in Paris since 1993.
Il habite Paris depuis l'an dernier. — He has been living in Paris since last year.
Il a plu tous les jours depuis qu'elle est arrivée. — It's rained every day since she arrived.
2) (temps écoulé) forIl habite Paris depuis 5 ans. — He has been living in Paris for 5 years.
Je le connais depuis 3 ans. — I've known him for 3 years.
3) (lieu)Il pleut depuis Metz. — It's been raining since Metz.
Elle a téléphoné depuis Valence. — She rang from Valence.
4) (série) from2. adv(temps) since, since thenJe ne lui ai pas parlé depuis. — I haven't spoken to him since., I haven't spoken to him since then.
* * *depuis ⇒ Note d'usageA adv since; je ne les ai pas revus depuis I haven't seen them since; il est parti il y a deux ans, depuis je n'ai plus de nouvelles he left two years ago, since then I haven't had any news; elle a été gravement malade l'année dernière, depuis nous sommes inquiets she was very ill last year and we've been worried ever since.B prép1 ( marquant le point de départ) since; je fais du courrier depuis 9 heures du matin I've been writing letters since 9 am; j'ai écrit trois lettres depuis 9 heures du matin I've written three letters since 9 am; j'habite ici depuis le 1er juillet I've been living here since 1 July; elle est malade depuis ce matin she's been ill since this morning; il n'a pas retravaillé depuis son accident he hasn't worked since his accident; elle fait de la danse depuis l'âge de six ans she has been dancing since she was six years old; depuis ce jour-là since that day; depuis quand vis-tu là-bas? how long have you been living there?; depuis quand tu réponds à ta mère? so you're answering your mother back now, are you?; depuis lors since then; depuis ta naissance since you were born; depuis leur réconciliation since they were reconciled ou since their reconciliation; depuis le jour où je les ai rencontrés since the day I met them; depuis ce jour, je ne les ai pas revus since that day I haven't seen them again; depuis les événements de mai 68 since the events of May '68; depuis sa création en 1986, l'entreprise s'est développée since it was set up in 1986, the company has expanded; c'est ce que je te répète depuis le début that's what I've been telling you all along; depuis le début jusqu'à la fin from start to finish;2 ( marquant la durée) for; depuis deux heures/dix ans/trois siècles for two hours/ten years/three centuries; il fait une collection de timbres depuis deux ans he's been collecting stamps for two years; ils sont mariés/amis depuis six mois they've been married/friends for six months; il pleut depuis trois jours it's been raining for three days; nous marchions depuis deux heures lorsque… we had been walking for two hours when…; je ne fume plus depuis six mois I gave up smoking six months ago, I haven't smoked for six months; depuis quand or combien de temps est-ce qu'elle enseigne? how long has she been teaching?; cela dure depuis des jours/mois/années it's been going on for days/months/years; depuis longtemps for a long time; je le savais depuis longtemps I had known for a long time; il n'habite plus ici depuis longtemps he hasn't lived here for a long time; depuis peu recently; il est installé à Caen depuis peu he has recently settled in Caen; depuis toujours always; le travail/les vacances dont il rêve depuis toujours the job/the vacation he has always dreamed of; on pratique cette coutume depuis toujours this custom has been observed from time immemorial;3 ( marquant le lieu) from; depuis ma fenêtre/le belvédère on aperçoit… from my window/the belvedere you can see…; depuis chez moi/Dijon il faut deux heures from where I live/Dijon it takes two hours; le lancement de la fusée sera retransmis depuis Kourou the launch of the rocket will be broadcast from Kourou; depuis Paris jusqu'à Arles from Paris to Arles;4 ( dans une série) tous les métiers depuis caissier jusqu'à infirmier every job from cashier to nurse; chemises, robes depuis 10 euros shirts, dresses from 10 euros; depuis le premier jusqu'au dernier from first to last; nous avons toutes les pointures depuis le 34 we have all sizes from 34 upward(s).C depuis que loc conj gén since; ( pour renforcer) ever since; depuis qu'il sait nager, il adore l'eau he has loved the water ever since he learned to swim; je le vois rarement depuis qu'il habite au Canada I haven't seen much of him since he went to live in Canada; elle a changé depuis que sa fille est née she's changed a lot since her daughter was born; il pleut depuis que nous sommes arrivés it's been raining ever since we arrived; j'ai grossi depuis que je ne fais plus de sport I've put on weight since I stopped doing any sport; il dirige l'entreprise depuis qu'il a 20 ans he's been running the company since he was 20.[dəpɥi] préposition1. [à partir d'une date ou d'un moment précis] sincedepuis le début from the very beginning, right from the beginning2. [exprimant une durée] foril ne joue plus depuis quelque temps he hasn't been playing of late ou lately, he hasn't played for some timedepuis peu recently, not long agodepuis le temps: et tu ne sais toujours pas t'en servir depuis le temps! and you still don't know how to use it after all this time!il me l'a rendu hier — depuis le temps! he gave it back to me yesterday — it took him long enough ou and not before time!3. [dans l'espace, un ordre, une hiérarchie] from————————[dəpɥi] adverbeje ne l'ai rencontré qu'une fois, je ne l'ai jamais revu depuis I only met him once and I've not seen him again since (then)————————depuis... jusqu'à locution correlative1. [dans le temps] from... todepuis 12 h jusqu'à 20 h from 12 to ou till 8 p.m2. [dans l'espace, un ordre, une hiérarchie] from... toils vendent de tout, depuis les parapluies jusqu'aux sandwiches they sell everything, from umbrellas to sandwichesdepuis le temps que locution conjonctivedepuis le temps que tu me le promets... you've been promising me that for such a long time...depuis le temps que tu le connais, tu pourrais lui demander considering how long you've known him you could easily ask him————————depuis lors locution adverbiale————————depuis quand locution adverbiale1. [pour interroger sur la durée] how long2. [exprimant l'indignation, l'ironie] since when————————depuis que locution conjonctivedepuis que j'ai arrêté de fumer, je me sens mieux I feel better since I stopped smoking -
15 présent
I.présent1, e [pʀezɑ̃, ɑ̃t]1. adjective• répondre présent to answer "present"2. masculine nouna. ( = époque) le présent the presentc. ( = personne) les présents et les absents those present and those absent3. feminine nounprésente (Administration = lettre) nous vous signalons par la présente que... we hereby inform you that...II.présent2 [pʀezɑ̃]masculine noun* * *
1.
présente pʀezɑ̃, ɑ̃t adjectif1) ( sur les lieux) [personne] presentM. Glénat, ici présent — Mr Glénat, who is here with us
il ne sera pas présent à l'audience — Droit he will not appear in court
‘présent!’ — ( à l'école) ‘here!’, ‘present!’
j'étais présent en pensée or par le cœur — I was there in spirit
2) ( existant) presentla faim est toujours présente dans cette partie du monde — there's still hunger in that part of the world
avoir présent à l'esprit — to have [something] in mind [conseil]; to have [something] fresh in one's mind [souvenir]
gardez or ayez bien présent à l'esprit que — bear in mind that
3) ( actif) actively involved4) ( actuel) [moment, situation, état] present5) ( en cause) presentpar la présente lettre — by the present (letter), hereby Droit
6) Linguistique [temps, participe] present
2.
3.
nom masculin1) ( période)2) Linguistique ( temps) present (tense)3) ( cadeau) gift, present
4.
* * *pʀezɑ̃, ɑ̃t présent, -e1. adj1) (là en personne) presentIl sera présent à la conférence. — He will be present at the lecture.
2)3) (avant le nom) present, current2. nm(temps) presentà présent — now, at present
jusqu'à présent — up till now, until now
3. nm/f(= personne)4. nf(= lettre)la présente — this letter, the present letter
* * *A adj1 ( sur les lieux) [personne] present; j'étais présent quand cela est arrivé I was present ou there when it happened; les personnes présentes those present; les personnes ici présentes the persons here present sout; M. Glénat, ici présent Mr Glénat, who is here with us; être présent à une cérémonie to be present at ou to attend a ceremony; il était présent aux obsèques he was present at ou he attended the funeral; il ne sera pas présent à l'audience Jur he will not appear in court; ‘présent!’ ( à l'école) ‘here!’, ‘present!’; j'étais présent en pensée or par le cœur I was there in spirit; aux prochaines élections le nouveau parti sera présent fig at the next elections the new party will be represented; pour aller au cinéma il est toujours présent! fig he's always ready to go to the cinema GB ou movies US!;2 ( existant) present; la violence est présente à toutes les pages violence is present on every page; la faim est toujours présente dans cette partie du monde there's still hunger in that part of the world; la société, présente depuis peu dans ce secteur the company, which has recently moved into this sector; avoir présent à l'esprit to have [sth] in mind [conseil]; to have [sth] fresh in one's mind [souvenir]; le souvenir toujours présent de the ever present memory of; gardez or ayez bien présent à l'esprit que bear in mind that;3 ( actif) actively involved; être très présent dans une organisation to be actively involved in an organization; la société reste très présente sur le marché the company is still very active on the market; ma mère a toujours été très présente ( dans ma vie) my mother has always been there for me; un acteur/un chanteur très présent sur scène an actor/a singer with a strong stage presence;4 ( actuel) [moment, situation, état] present; ne penser qu'au moment présent not to look beyond the present; le 5 du mois présent on the 5th instant GB ou of this month; faire qch dans la minute présente to do sth instantly;5 ( en cause) present; la présente déclaration the present statement; par la présente lettre by the present (letter), hereby Jur;6 Ling [temps, participe] present.B nm,f ( personne) il n'y avait que 10 présents there were only 10 people present; la liste des présents the list of those present.C nm2 Ling ( temps) present (tense); le verbe est au présent du subjonctif the verb is in the present subjunctive;3 ( cadeau) gift, present; faire présent de qch à qn to present sb with sth.E à présent loc adv ( en ce moment) at present; ( maintenant) now; d'à présent of today; à présent que now that.1. [dans le lieu dont on parle] presentêtre présent à une conférence to be present at ou to attend a conferenceavoir quelque chose présent à l'esprit to bear ou to keep something in minda. ÉDUCATION to answer to one's name, to be present at roll calldes centaines de jeunes ont répondu présent à l'appel du pape hundreds of young people answered the Pope's call2. [actif]les Français ne sont pas du tout présents dans le jeu the French team is making no impact on the game at allon a rarement vu un chanteur aussi présent sur scène seldom has one seen a singer with such stage presence3. (après le nom) [en cours]————————, présente [prezɑ̃, ɑ̃t] nom masculin, nom fémininil y avait 20 présents à la réunion 20 people were present at ou attended the meeting————————nom masculin1. [moment] presentpour le présent for the time being, for the momentprésent de l'indicatif/du subjonctif present indicative/subjunctivevoir aussi link=pluriel pluriel————————présente nom fémininje vous informe par la présente que... I hereby inform you that...————————à présent locution adverbiale————————à présent que locution conjonctive————————d'à présent locution adjectivaleles hommes politiques d'à présent today's ou present-day politicians, the politicians of today -
16 CULTURE, LITERATURE, AND LANGUAGE
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Paris and New York: Flammarion, 1995. Wright, David, and Patrick Swift. Minho and North Portugal: A Portrait and Guide. New York: Scribners, 1968.■. Lisbon: A Portrait and Guide. New York: Scribners, 1971.■. Algarve: A Portrait and Guide. New York: Scribners, 1973.■ HISTORY OF PORTUGAL Ancient and Medieval (2000 BCE-1415 CE)■ Alarção, Jorge de. Roman Portugal. Volume I: Introduction. Warminster, U.K., 1988.■ Almeida, Fortunato de. História de Portugal. Vol. I. Coimbra, 1922. Arnaut, Salvador Dias. A Crise Nacional dos fins do século XVI. Vol. 1. Coimbra, 1960.■ Baião, Antônio, Hernani Cidade, and Manuel Múrias, eds. História de Expansão Portuguesa no Mundo, 3 vols. Lisbon, 1937-40. Caetano, Marcello. Lições de História do Direito Português. Coimbra, 1962. Cortesão, Jaime. Os Factores Democráticos no Formação de Portugal. Lisbon, 1960.■ David, Pierre. Etudes Historiques sur la Galice et le Portugal du VI au XII siécle. Paris, 1947.■ Dias, Eduardo Mayone. 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Ramos Silva, eds., Portugal: An Atlantic Paradox, 9-11. Lisbon, 1990. Gaspar, Jorge, and Nuno Vitorino. As Eleições De 25 De Abril: Geografia E Imagem Dos Partidos. Lisbon, 1976.■. "10 Anos de Democracia: Reflexos na geografia política." In E. de Sousa Ferreira and W. C. Opelio, Jr., eds., Conflict and Change in Portugal 1974-1984/ Conflitos e Mudanças em Portugal, 1974-1984, 135-55. Lisbon, 1985.■, et al. As Eleições para assembleia da república, 1979-1983: Estudos de geografia eleitoral. Lisbon, 1984. Gaspar, Jorge, and Nuno Vitorino, eds. Portugal em mapas e em números. Lisbon, 1981.■ Giaccone, Fausto. Una Storia Portoghese/ Uma História Portuguesa. Palermo: Randazzo Focus, 1987.■ Gladdish, Ken. "Portugal: An Open Verdict." In Geoffrey Pridham, ed. Securing Democracy: Political Parties and Democratic Consolidation in Southern Europe, 104-25. London and New York: Routledge, 1990.■ Graham, Lawrence S. The Decline and Collapse of an Authoritarian Order. Beverly Hills, Calif.: Sage, 1975.■, and Harry M. Makler, eds. Contemporary Portugal: The Revolution and Its Antecedents. Austin: University of Texas Press, 1979.■, and Douglas L. Wheeler, eds. In Search of Modern Portugal: The Revolution and Its Consequences. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1983.■ Grayson, George W. "Portugal and the Armed Forces Movement." Orbis XIX, 2 (Summer 1975): 335-78.■ Green, Gil. Portugal's Revolution. New York: International, 1976.■ Hammond, John L. Building Popular Power: Workers' and Neighborhood Movements in the Portuguese Revolution. New York: Monthly Review Press, 1988.■ Harsgor, Michael. Naissance d'un Nouveau Portugal. Paris: Ed. du Seuil, 1975.■. Portugal in Revolution. Washington, D.C.: CSIS and Sage, 1976.■ Harvey, Robert. Portugal, Birth of a Democracy. London: Macmillan, 1978.■ Herr, Richard, ed. Portugal: The Long Road to Democracy and Europe. Berkeley, Calif.: International and Area Studies, 1992.■ Insight Team of the Sunday [London] Times. Insight on Portugal: The Year of the Captains. London: Deutsch, 1975.■ Janitschek, Hans. Mario Soares: Portrait of a Hero. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1985.■ Keefe, Eugene K., et al. Area Handbook for Portugal, 1st ed. Washington, D.C.: Foreign Area Studies of American University, 1977. Kramer, Jane. "A Reporter at Large: The Portuguese Revolution." The New Yorker (Dec. 15, 1975): 92-131.■ Lauré, Jason, and Ettagal Lauré. Jovem Portugal: After the Revolution. New York: Straus, Farrar and Giroux, 1977.■ Livermore, H. V. A New History of Portugal. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1976.■ Lourenço, Eduardo. Os Militares e O Poder. Lisbon, 1975.■. O Fascismo Nunca Existiu. Lisbon, 1976.■. "Identidade e Memôria: o caso português." In E. de Sousa Ferreira and W. C. Opello, Jr., eds., Conflict and Change in Portugal, 1974-l 984, 17-22. Lisbon, 1985.■ Lucena, Manuel. Evolução e Instituições: A Extinção dos Grémios da Lavoura Alentejanos. Mem Martins, 1984.■. "A herança de duas revoluções." In M. Baptista Coelho, ed., Portugal: O Sistema Político e Constitucional, 1974-87, 505-55. Lisbon, 1989.■ Macedo, Jorge Braga de, and S. Serfaty. Portugal since the Revolution: Economic and Political Perspectives. New York: Praeger, 1981.■ Magone, José M. European Portugal: The Difficult Road to Sustainable Democracy. New York: St. Martin's, 1997. Mailer, Phil. Portugal: The Impossible Revolution. London: Solidarity, 1977. Manta, João Abel. Cartoons/ 1969-1975. Lisbon, 1975.■ Manuel, Paul C. Uncertain Outcome: The Politics of Portugal's Transition to Democracy. Lanham, Md. and London: University Press of America, 1994.■ Mateus, Rui. Contos Proibidos. Memorias de Um PS Desconhecido, 3rd ed. Lisbon: Dom Quixote, 1996.■ Maxwell, Kenneth. "Portugal under Pressure." The New York Review of Books (May 2, 1974).■. "The Hidden Revolution in Portugal." The New York Review of Books (April 17, 1975).■. "The Thorns of the Portuguese Revolution." Foreign Affairs 54, 2 (Jan. 1976): 250-70.■. "The Communists and the Portuguese Revolution." Dissent 27, 2 (Spring 1980): 194-206.■. Portugal in the 1980s: Dilemmas of Democratic Consolidation. Westport, Conn.: Greenwood, 1986.■. The Making of Portuguese Democracy. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1995.■, ed. "Portugal: Toward the Twenty-First Century." Camoes Center Quarterly 5, 3-4 (Fall 1995): 6-55.■, ed. The Press and the Rebirth of Iberian Democracy. Westport, Conn.: Greenwood, 1983.■. Portugal Ten Years after the Revolution: Reports of Three Columbia University-Gulbenkian Workshops. New York: Research Institute on International Change, Columbia University, 1984.■ Maxwell, Kenneth, and Michael H. Haltzel, eds. Portugal: Ancient Country, Young Democracy. Washington, D.C.: Wilson Center Press, 1990.■ Medeiros Ferreira, José. Ensaio Histórico sobre a revolução do 25 de Abril. Lisbon, 1983.■ Medina, João, ed. Portugal De Abril: Do 25 Aos Nossos Dias. In Medina, ed., História Contemporãnea De Portugal. Lisbon, 1985. Merten, Peter. Anarchismus ünd Arbeiterkãmpf in Portugal. Hamburg: Libertare, 1981.■ Miranda, Jorge. Constituição e Democracia. Lisbon, 1976.■. A Constituição de 1976. Lisbon, 1978.■ Morrison, Rodney J. Portugal: Revolutionary Change in an Open Economy. Boston: Auburn House, 1981.■ Mujal-Leôn, Eusebio. "The PCP [Portuguese Communist Party] and the Portuguese Revolution." Problems of Communism 26 (Jan.- Feb. 1977): 21-41.■ Neves, Mário. Missão em Moscovo. Lisbon, 1986.■ Oliveira, César. M. F. A. e Revolução Socialista. Lisbon, 1975.■. Os Anos Decisivos: Portugal 1962-1985. Um testemunho. Lisbon: Presença, 1993.■ Opello, Waiter C., Jr. Portugal's Political Development: A Comparative Approach. Boulder, Colo.: Westview, 1985.■. Portugal: From Monarchy to Pluralist Democracy. Boulder, Colo.: Westview, 1991.■ Pell, Senator Claiborne H. Portugal ( Including the Azores and Spain) in Search of New Directions: Report to the Committee on Foreign Relations, U.S. Senate. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1976.■ Pereira, J. Pacheco. "A Case of Orthodoxy: The Communist Party of Portugal." In Waller and Fenema, eds., Communist Parties in Western Europe: Adaptation or Decline? Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1988.■ Pilmott, Ben. "Socialism in Portugal: Was It a Revolution?" Government and Opposition 7 (Summer 1977).■. "Were the Soldiers Revolutionary? The Armed Forces Movement in Portugal, 1973-1976." Iberian Studies 7, 1 (1978): 13-21.■, and Jean Seaton. "Political Power and the Portuguese Media." In L. S. Graham and D. L. Wheeler, eds., In Search of Modern Portugal, 43-57. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1983.■ Porch, Douglas. The Portuguese Armed Forces and the Revolution. London: Croom Helm and Stanford, Calif.: Hoover Institution Press, 1977.■ Pouchin, Dominique. Portugal, quelle révolution? Paris, 1976.■ Pulido Valente, Vasco. "E Viva Otelo." In Pulido Valente, V., ed., O País das Maravilhas, 451-54. Lisbon, 1979 [anthology of articles from weekly Lisbon paper, Expresso].■. Estudos Sobre a Crise Nacional. Lisbon, 1980.■ Rebelo de Sousa, Marcelo. O Sistema de Governo Português antes e depois da Revisão Constitucional, 3rd ed. Lisbon, 1981. Rêgo, Raúl. Militares, Clérigos e Paisanos. Lisbon, 1981. Robinson, Richard A. H. Contemporary Portugal: A History. London: Allen & Unwin, 1979.■ Rodrigues, Avelino, Cesário Borga, and Mário Cardoso. O Movemento dos Capitães e o 25 de Abril. Lisbon, 1974.■. Portugal Depois De Abril. Lisbon, 1976.■ Ruas, H. B., ed. A Revolução das Flores. Lisbon, 1975.■ Rudel, Christian. La Liberte couleur d'oeillet. Paris: Fayard, 1980.■ Sa, Tiago Moreira de. Os Americanos na Revolucao Portuguesa ( 1974-1976). Lisbon: Edit. Noticias, 2004.■ Sá Carneiro, Francisco. Por Uma Social-Democracia Portuguesa. Lisbon, 1975.■ Sanches Osôrio, Helena. Um Só Rosto. Uma Só Fé. Conversas Com Adelino Da Palma Carlos. Lisbon, 1988. Sanches Osôrio, J. The Betrayal of the 25th of April in Portugal. Madrid: Sedmay, 1975.■ Schmitter, Philippe C. "Liberation by Golpe: Retrospective Thoughts on the Demise of Authoritarian Rule in Portugal." Armed Forces and Society 2 (1974): 5-33.■. "An Introduction to Southern European Transitions from Authoritarian Rule: Italy, Greece, Portugal, Spain and Turkey." In G. O'Donnell,■ P. C. Schmitter, and L. Whitehead, eds., Transitions from Authoritarian Rule, 3-10. Baltimore, Md.: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1986.■ Silva, Fernando Dioga da. "Uma Administração Envelhecido." Revista da Ad-ministraçao Pública 2 (Oct.-Dec. 1979).■ Simões, Martinho, ed. Relatório Do 25 De Novembro: Texto Integral, 2 vols. Lisbon, 1976.■ Soares, Isabel, ed. Mário Soares: O homem e o político. Lisbon, 1976. Soares, Mário. Democratização e Descolonização: Dez meses no Governo Provisório. Lisbon, 1975. Sobel, Lester A., ed. Portuguese Revolution, 1974-1976. New York: Facts on File, Inc., 1976.■ Spínola, Antônio de. Portugal e o Futuro. Lisbon, 1974.■. País Sem Rumo: Contributo para a História de uma Revolução. Lisbon, 1978.■ Story, Jonathan. "Portugal's Revolution of Carnations: Patterns of Change and Continuity." International Affairs 52 (July 1976): 417-34. Sweezey, Paul. "Class Struggles in Portugal." Monthly Review 27, 4 (Sept. 1975): 1-26.■ Szulc, Tad. "Lisbon and Washington: Behind Portugal's Revolution." Foreign Policy 21 (Winter 1975-76): 3-62. Tavares de Almeida, Antônio. Balsemão: O retrato. Lisbon, 1981. "Vasco." Desenhos Políticos. Lisbon, 1974.■ Vasconcelos, Alvaro. "Portugal in Atlantic-Mediterranean Security." In Douglas T. Stuart, ed., Politics and Security in the Southern Region of the Atlantic Alliance, 117-36. London: Macmillan, 1988.■ Wheeler, Douglas L. "Golpes militares e golpes literários. A literatura do golpe de 25 de Abril de 1974 em contexto histôrico." Penélope. Fazer E Desfazer A História, 19-20 (1998): 191-212.■. "Tributo ao Historiador dos Historiadores. Memorias de A.H.de Oliveira Marques (1933-2007)," Historia XXIX, 95, III series (March 2007), 18-22.■ Wiarda, Howard J. Transcending Corporatism? The Portuguese Corporative System and the Revolution of 1974. Columbia: Institute of International Studies, University of South Carolina, 1976.■. The Transition to Democracy in Spain and Portugal. Washington, D.C.: American Enterprise Institute for Public Policy Research, 1989. Wise, Audrey. Eyewitness in Revolutionary Portugal. With a Preface by Judith Hart, MP. London: Spokesman, 1975.■ PHYSICAL FEATURES: GEOGRAPHY, GEOLOGY, FAUNA, AND FLORA■ Birot, Pierre. Le Portugal: Étude de géographie régionale. Paris, 1950.■ Embleton, Clifford. Geomorphology of Europe. London: Macmillan, 1984.■ Girão, Aristides de Amorim. Divisão regional, divisão agrícola e divisão administrativa. Coimbra, 1932.■. Condições geográficos e históricas de autonomia política de Portugal. Coimbra, 1935.■. Atlas de Portugal, 2nd ed. Coimbra, 1958.■ Ribeiro, Orlando. Portugal, O Mediterrâneo e o Altântico. Coimbra, 1945 and later eds.■. Portugal. Volume V of Geografia de Espana y Portugal. Barcelona, 1955.■. Ensaios de Geografia Humana e regio nal. Lisbon, 1970.■. A geografia e a divisão regional do país. Lisbon, 1970.■ Stanislawski, Dan. The Individuality of Portugal. Austin: The University of Texas Press, 1959.■. Portugal's Other Kingdom: The Algarve. Austin: University of Texas Press, 1963.■ Taylor, Albert William. Wild Flowers of Spain and Portugal. London: Chatto & Windus, 1972.■ Way, Ruth, and Margaret Simmons. A Geography of Spain and Portugal. London: Methuen, 1962.■ ARCHAEOLOGY AND PREHISTORY■ "Actas do Colóquio Inter-Universitário do Noroeste Peninsular (Porto-Baião, 1988), vol. II, Proto-História, romanização e Idade Média." In Trabalhos de antropologia e etnologia. 28, 3-4 (1988).■ Alarcão, Jorge de, ed. "Do Paleolítico va arte visigótica." Vol. 1, História da■ Arte em Portugal. Lisbon: Alfa, 1986.■. Roman Portugal, 3 vols. Warminister, U.K.: Aris & Phillips, 1988.■. Portugal Das Orígens A Romanização. Vol. I. In J. Serrão and A. H. de Oliveira Marques, eds. Nova História de Portugal. Lisbon: Presença, 1990. Anderson, James M., and M. S. Lea. Portugal 1001 Sights: An Archaeological and Historical Guide. Calgary, Alberta: University of Calgary and Robert Hale, 1994.■ Balmuth, Miriam S., Antonio Gilman, and Lourdes Prados-Torreira, eds. Encounters and Transformations: The Archaeology of Iberia in Transition. Monographs in Mediterranean Archaeology, no. 7. Sheffield, U.K.: Sheffield Academic Press, 1997.■ Beirão, C. M. M. Une civilization protohistorique du Sud au Portugal ( 1er Age du Fer). Paris: D. Boccard, 1986.■ Cardoso, João Luís, Santinho A. Cunha, and Delberto Aguiar. O Homem Pre-Histórico no Concelho de Oeiras. Oeiras, Portugal: Estudos Arquelógicos de Oeiras, 1991.■ Harrison, Richard J. The Bell Beaker Cultures of Spain and Portugal. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1977.■ Mangas, Júlio, ed. Hispania epigraphica. Madrid, 1989.■ Maloney, Stephanie J. "The Villa of Toerre de Palma, Portugal: Archaeology and Preservation." Portuguese Studies Review VIII, 1 (Fall-Winter, 1999-2000): 14-28.■ Savory, H. N. Spain and Portugal: The Prehistory of the Iberian Peninsula. London, 1968.■ Silva, A. C. F. A cultura castreja no Noroeste de Portugal. Paços de Ferreira:■ Museu da Citânia de Sanfins, 1986. Straus, L. G. Iberia before the Iberians. Albuquerque, N.M., 1992.■ FOREIGN TRAVELERS AND RESIDENTS' ACCOUNTS■ Andersen, Hans Christian. A Visit to Portugal 1866. London: Peter Owen, 1972.■ Beckford, William. Italy, with Sketches of Spain and Portugal. Paris: Baudry's European Library, 1834.■ Boyd Alexander, ed. London: Hart-Davies, 1954.■. Recollections of an Excursion to the Monasteries of Alcoboca and Batalha. Fontwell, U.K.: Centaur Press, 1972.■ Bell, Aubrey F. G. In Portugal. London: Bodley Head, 1912.■ Borrow, George. The Bible in Spain, 2 vols. London: Constable, 1923 ed.■ Chaves, Castelo Branco. Os livros de viagens em Portugal no século XVIII e a sua projecção europeia. Lisbon, 1977.■ Costigan, Arthur William. Sketches of Society and Manners in Portugal. London: T. Vernon, 1787.■ Crawfurd, Oswald. Portugal Old and New. London: Kegan, Paul, 1880.■. Round the Calendar in Portugal. London: Chapman & Hall, 1890.■ Darymple, William. Travels through Spain and Portugal in 1774. London: J. Almon, 1777.■ Dumouriez, Charles Francois Duperrier. An Account of Portugal as It Appeared in 1766. London: C. Law, 1797.■ Fielding, Henry. Jonathan Wild and the Journal of a Voyage to Lisbon. London: J. M. Dent, 1932.■ Fullerton, Alice. To Portugal for Pleasure. London: Grafton, 1945.■ Gibbons, John. I Gathered No Moss. London: Robert Hale, 1939.■ Gordon, Jan, and Cora Gordon. Portuguese Somersault. London: Harrap, 1934.■ Hewitt, Richard. A Cottage in Portugal. New York: Simon & Schuster, 1996.■ Huggett, Frank. South of Lisbon: Winter Travels in Southern Portugal. London: Gollancz, 1960.■ Hume, Martin. Through Portugal. London: Richards, 1907.■ Hyland, Paul. Backwards Out of the Big World: A Voyage into Portugal. Hammersmith, U.K.: HarperCollins, 1996.■ Jackson, Catherine Charlotte, Lady. Fair Lusitania. London: Bentley, 1874.■ Kelly, Marie Node. This Delicious Land Portugal. London: Hutchinson, 1956.■ Kempner, Mary Jean. Invitation to Portugal. New York: Athenaeum, 1969.■ Kingston, William H. G. Lusitanian Sketches of the Pen and Pencil. 2 vol. London: Parker, 1845.■ Landmann, George. Historical, Military and Picturesque Observations on Portugal. 2 vol. London: Cadell and Davies, 1818.■ Latouche, John [Pseudonym of Oswald Crawfurd]. Travels in Portugal. London: Ward, Lock & Taylor, ca. 1874.■ Link, Henry Frederick. Travels in Portugal and France and Spain. London: Longman & Rees, 1801.■ Macauley, Rose. They Went to Portugal. London: Jonathan Cape, 1946.■. They Went to Portugal, Too. Manchester: Carcanet Books, 1990.■ Merle, Iris. Portuguese Panorama. London: Ouzel, 1958.■ Murphy, J. C. Travels in Portugal. London: 1795.■ Proper, Datus C. The Last Old Place: A Search through Portugal. New York: Simon & Schuster, 1992.■ Quillinan, Dorothy [Wordsworth]. Journal of a Few Months in Portugal with Glimpses of the South of Spain. 2 vol. London: Moxon, 1847. Sitwell, Sacheverell. Portugal and Madeira. London: Batsford, 1954. Smith, Karine R. Until Tomorrow: Azores and Portugal. Snohomish, Wash.: Snohomish Publishing, 1978. Southey, Robert. Journals of a Residence in Portugal, 1800-1801 and a Visit to France, 1838. London and New York: Oxford Univ. Press, 1912. Thomas, Gordon Kent. Lord Byron's Iberian Pilgrimage. Provo, Utah: Brigham Young University Press, 1983. Twiss, Richard. Travels through Portugal and Spain in 1772-1773. London, 1775.■ Watson, Gilbert. Sunshine and Sentiment in Portugal. London: Arnold, 1904. Wheeler, Douglas L. "A[n American] Fulbrighter in Lisbon, Portugal, 196162." Portuguese Studies Review 1 (1991): 9-16.■ PORTUGUESE CARTOGRAPHY, DISCOVERIES, AND NAVIGATION■ Albuquerque, Luís de. Curso de História de Naútica. Coimbra, 1972.■. Introdução a história dos descobrimentos, 3rd ed. Mem Martins, 1983.■. Os Descobrimentos Portugueses. Lisbon: Alfa, 1983.■. Portuguese Books on Nautical Science from Pedro Nunes to 1650. Lisbon, 1984.■. Os Descobrimentos Portugueses. Lisbon, 1985.■ Boorstin, Daniel. The Discoverers. New York: Random House, 1983. Boxer, C. R. The Portuguese Seaborne Empire, 1415-1825. London: Hutchinson, 1969.■ Brazão, Eduardo. La découverte de Terre-Neuve. Montreal: Les Presses de l'Université, 1964.■. "Les Corte-Real et le Nouveau Monde." Revue d'histoire d'Amérique Française 19, 1 (1965): 335-49. Cortesão, Armando, and Avelino Teixeira de Mota. Cartografia Portuguesa Antiga. Lisbon, 1960.■. Portugalia Monumenta Cartográfica, 6 vols. Lisbon, 1960-62.■. História da Cartografia Portuguesa, 2 vols. Coimbra, 1969-70.■ Cortesão, Jaime. L'expansion des portugais dans l'historie de la civilisation. Brussels, 1930.■. Os descobrimentos portugueses, 2 vols. V. Magalhães Godinho and Joel Serrão, eds. Lisbon, 1960.■. A expansão dos Portugueses no período henriquinho. Lisbon, 1965.■. Descobrimentos precolombanos dos portugueses. Lisbon, 1966.■ Costa, Abel Fontoura da. A Marinharia dos Descobrimentos, 3rd ed. Lisbon, 1960.■ Costa Brochado, Idalino F. Descobrimento do Atlântico. Lisbon, 1958. English ed., 1959-60.■ Coutinho, Admiral Gago. A naútica dos descobrimentos, 2 vols. Lisbon, 1951-52.■ Crone, G. R. Maps and Their Makers. New York: Capricorn Books, 1966.■ Dias, José S. da Silva. Os descobrimentos e a problemática cultural do Século XVI, 2nd ed. Lisbon, 1982.■ Disney, Anthony, and Emily Booth, eds. Vasco Da Gama and the Linking of Europe and Asia. New Delhi: Oxford University Press, 2000.■ Godinho, Vitorino Magalhães, ed. Documentos sobre a expansão portuguesa [ to 1460], 3 vols. Lisbon, 1945-54.■ Guedes, Max, and Gerald Lombardi, eds. Portugal. Brazil: The Age of Atlantic Discoveries. Lisbon: Bertrand; Milan: Ricci; Brazilian Culture Foundation, 1990. [Catalogue of New York Public Library Exhibit, Summer 1990]■ Harley, J. B., and David Woodward. The History of Cartography. Volume 1: Cartography in Prehistoric, Ancient and Medieval Europe and Mediterranean. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1987.■ Leite, Duarte. História dos Descobrimentos: Colectânea de esparsos, 2 vols. Lisbon, 1958-61.■ Ley, Charles. Portuguese Voyages, 1498-1663. London: Dent, 1953.■ Marques, J. Martins da Silva. Descobrimentos portugueses, 2 vols. Lisbon, 1944-71.■ Martyn, John R. C., ed. Pedro Nunes ( 1502-1578): His Lost Algebra and Other Discoveries. John R. C. Martyn, trans. New York: Peter Lang, 1996.■ Morison, Samuel Eliot. The European Discovery of America: The Northern Voyages, A. D. 500-1600. New York: Oxford University Press, 1971.■. Portuguese Voyages to America in the Fifteenth Century. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1974.■ Mota, Avelino Teixeira da. Mar, Além-Mar-Estudos e Ensaios de História e Geografia. Lisbon, 1972.■ Nemésio, Vitorino. Vida e Obra do Infante D. Henrique. Lisbon, 1959.■ Parry, J. H. The Discovery of the Sea. New York: Dial, 1974.■ Penrose, Boies. Travel and Discovery in the Renaissance, 1420-1620. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1952.■ Peres, Damião. História dos Descobrimentos Portugueses. Oporto, 1943.■ Prestage, Edgar. The Portuguese Pioneers. London, 1933; New York: Barnes & Noble, 1967.■ Rogers, Francis M. Precision Astrolabe: Portuguese Navigators and Transoceanic Aviation. Lisbon, 1971.■ Seary, E. R. "The Portuguese Element in the Place Names of Newfoundland." In Luís Albuquerque, ed., Vice-Almirante A. Teixeira da Mota: In Memo-riam. Vol. II, 359-64. Lisbon: Academia da Marinha, 1989.■ Subrahmanyam, Sanjay. The Career and Legend of Vasco Da Gama. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997.■ Velho, Alvaro. Roteiro ( Navigator's Route) da Primeira Viagem de Vasco da Gama ( 1497-1499). Lisbon, 1960.■ Winius, George, ed. Portugal, the Pathfinder: Journeys from the Medieval toward the Modern World 1300-ca. 1600. Madison, Wisc.: Hispanic Seminary of Medieval Studies, 1995.■ PORTUGAL AND HER OVERSEAS EMPIRES (1415-1975)■ Abshire, David M., and Michael A. Samuels, eds. Portuguese Africa: A Handbook. New York: Praeger, 1969.■ Afonso, Aniceto, and Carlos de Matos Gomes. Guerra Colonial. Lisbon: Noticias, 2001.■ Albuquerque, J. Moushino de. Moçambique. Lisbon, 1898.■ Alden, Dauril. The Making of an Enterprise: The Society of Jesus in Portugal, Its Empire & Beyond. Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press, 1995.■ Alexandre, Valentim. Orígens do Colonialismo Português Moderno ( 18221891). Lisbon: Sá da Costa, 1979.■, and Jill Dias, eds. "O Império Africano 1825-1890. Volume X." In J.■ Serrão and A. H. de Oliveira Marques, eds., Nova História Da Expansão Portuguesa. Lisbon: Estampa, 1998.■ Ames, Glen J. "The Carreira da India, 1668-1682: Maritime Enterprise and the Quest for Stability in Portugal's Asian Empire." Journal of European Economic History 20, 1 (1991): 7-28.■. Renascent Empire? The House of Braganza and the Quest for Stability in Portuguese Monsoon Asia, ca. 1640-1683. Amsterdam: Amsterdam Univ.Press, 2000.■. Vasco da Gama. Renaissance Crusader. New York: Pearson/Longman, 2005.■ Antunes, José Freire. O Império com Pés de Barro: Colonizaçao e Descolonização: As Ideologias em Portugal. Lisbon: D. Quixote, 1980.■. O Factor Africano 1890-1990. Lisbon: Bertrand, 1990.■. A Guerra De Africa 1961-1974, 2 vols. 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Brother Luiz de Sousa [play]. Edgar Prestage, trans. London: Elkin Mathess, 1909.■. Travels in My Homeland. John M. Parker, trans. London: Peter Owen and UNESCO, 1987. Griffin, Jonathan. Camões: Some Poems Translated from the Portuguese by Jonathan Griffin. London: Menard Press, 1976. Jorge, Lídia. The Murmuring Coast. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1995.■ Lisboa, Eugénio, ed. Portuguese Short Fiction. Manchester, U.K.: Carcanet, 1997.■ Lopes, Fernão. The English in Portugal 1367-87: Extracts from the Chronicles of Dom Fernando and Dom João. Derek W. Lomax and R. J. Oakley, eds. and trans. Warminster, U.K.: Aris & Phillips, 1988.■ Macedo, Helder, ed. Contemporary Portuguese Poetry: An Anthology in English. Helder Macedo, et al., trans. Manchester, U.K.: Carcanet New Press, 1978.■ Martins, J. P. De Oliveira. A History of Iberian Civilization. Aubrey F. G. Bell, trans.; preface by Salvador de Madariaga. New York: Cooper Square, 1969.■ Mendes Pinto, Fernão. 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London: Adam and Charles Black, 1972.■ Freitas, Eduardo, João Ferreira de Almeida, and Manuel Villaverde Cabral. Modalidades de penetração do capitalismo na agricultura: estruturas agrárias em Portugal Continental, 1950-1970. Lisbon, 1976.■ Gonçalves, Francisco Esteves. Portugal: A Wine Country. Lisbon, 1984.■ Gulbenkian Foundation. Agrarian Reform. Lisbon, 1981.■ Kurlansky, Mark. Cod: A Biography of the Fish That Changed the World. New York: Walker, 1997.■ Malefakis, Edward. "Two Iberian Land Reforms Compared: Spain, 1931-1936 and Portugal, 1974—1978." In Gulbenkian Foundation, Agrarian Reform. Lisbon, 1981.■ Moutinho, M. História da pesca do bacalhau. Lisbon: Imprensa Universitária, 1985.■ Oliveira Marques, A. H. de. lntrodução a história da agricultura em Portugal.■ Lisbon, 1968. Pato, Octávio. O Vinho. Lisbon, 1971.■ Pearson, Scott R. Portuguese Agriculture in Transition. Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 1987.■ Postgate, Raymond. Portuguese Wine. London: Dent, 1969.■ Read, Jan. The Wines of Portugal. London: Faber & Faber, 1982.■ Robertson, George. Port. London: Faber & Faber, 1982 ed.■ Rutledge, Ian. "Land Reform and the Portuguese Revolution." Journal of Peasant Studies 5, 1 (Oct. 1977): 79-97.■ Sanceau, Elaine. The British Factory at Oporto. Oporto, 1970.■ Simon, Andre L. Port. London: Constable, 1934.■ Simões, J. Os grandes trabalhadores do Mar: Reportagens na Terra Nova e na Groenlândia. Lisbon: Gazeta dos Caminho de Ferro, 1942.■ Smith, Diana. Portugal and the Challenge of 1992: Special Report. New York: Camões Center/RIIC, Columbia University, 1990.■ Stanislawski, Dan. Landscapes of Bacchus: The Vine in Portugal. Austin: University of Texas Press, 1970.■ Teixeira, Carlos, and Victor M. Pereira da Rosa, eds. The Portuguese in Canada: From the Seat to the City. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2000.■ Unwin, Tim. "Farmers' Perceptions of Agrarian Change in Northwest Portugal." Journal of Rural Studies 1, 4 (1985): 339-57.■ Valadão do Valle, E. Bacalhau: tradições históricas e económicos. Lisbon, 1991.■ Venables, Bernard. Baleia! The Whalers of Azores. London: Bodley Head, 1968.■ Villiers, Alan. The Quest of the Schooner Argus: A Voyage to the Banks and Greenland. New York: Scribners, 1951. World Bank. Portugal: Agricultural Survey. Washington, D.C.: World Bank, 1978.■ ECONOMY, INDUSTRY, AND DEVELOPMENT■ Aiyer, Srivain, and Shahid A. Chandry. Portugal and the E.E.C.: Employment and Implications. Lisbon, 1979.■ Baklanoff, Eric N. The Economic Transformation of Spain and Portugal. New York: Praeger, 1978.■. "Changing Systems: The Portuguese Revolution and the Public Enterprise Sector." ACES ( Association of Comparative Economic Studies) Bulletin 26 (Summer-Fall 1984): 63-76.■. "Portugal's Political Economy: Old and New." In K. Maxwell and M. Haltzel, eds., Portugal: Ancient Country, Young Democracy, 37-59. Washington, D.C.: Wilson Center Press, 1990.■ Barbosa, Manuel P. Growth, Migration and the Balance of Payments in a Small, Open Economy. New York: Garland, 1984.■ Braga de Macedo, Jorge, and Simon Serfaty, eds. Portugal since the Revolution: Economic and Political Perspectives. Boulder, Colo.: Westview, 1981.■ Carvalho, Camilo, et al. Sabotagem Econômica: " Dossier" Banco Espírito Santo e Comercial de Lisboa. Lisbon, 1975.■ Corkill, David. The Development of the Portuguese Economy: A Case of Euro-peanization. London: Routledge, 1999.■ Cravinho, João. "The Portuguese Economy: Constraints and Opportunities." In K. Maxwell, ed., Portugal in the 1980s, 111-65. Westport, Conn.: Greenwood, 1986.■ Dornsbusch, Rudiger, Richard S. Eckhaus, and Lane Taylor. "Analysis and Projection of Macroeconomic Conditions in Portugal." In L. S. Graham and H. M. Makler, eds., Contemporary Portugal, 299-330. Austin: University of Texas Press, 1979.■ The Economist (London). "On the Edge of Europe: A Survey of Portugal." (June 30, 1981): 3-27.■. "Coming Home: A Survey of Portugal." (May 28, 1988).■. 'The New Iberia: Not Quite Kissing Cousins" [Spain and Portugal]. (May 5, 1990): 21-24.■ Fundação Calouste Gulbenkian and German Marshall Fund of the U.S., eds. II Conferência Internacional sobre e Economia Portuguesa, 2 vols. Lisbon, 1979.■ Hudson, Mark. Portugal to 1993: Investing in a European Future. London: The Economist Intelligence Unit/Special Report No. 11 57/EIU Economic Prospects Series, 1989.■ International Labour Office (ILO). Employment and Basic Needs in Portugal. Geneva: ILO, 1979.■ Kavalsky, Basil, and Surendra Agarwal. Portugal: Current and Prospective Economic Trends. Washington, D.C.: World Bank, 1978.■ Krugman, Paul, and Jorge Braga de Macedo. "The Economic Consequences of the April 25th Revolution." Economia III (1979): 455-83.■ Lewis, John R., and Alan M. Williams. "The Sines Project: Portugal's Growth Centre or White Elephant?" Town Planning Review 56, 3 (1985): 339-66.■ Makler, Harry M. "The Consequences of the Survival and Revival of the Industrial Bourgeoisie." In L. S. Graham and D. L. Wheeler, eds., In Search of Modern Portugal, 251-83. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1983.■ Marques, A. La Politique Economique Portugaise dans la Période de la Dictature ( 1926-1974). Doctoral thesis, 3rd cycle, University of Grenoble, France, 1980.■ Martins, B. Sociedades e grupos em Portugal. Lisbon, 1973.■ Mata, Eugenia, and Nuno Valério. História Econômica De Portugal: Uma Perspectiva Global. Lisbon: Edit. Presença, 1994. Murteira, Mário. "The Present Economic Situation: Its Origins and Prospects." In L. S. Graham and H. M. Makler, eds., Contemporary Portugal, 331-42. Austin: University of Texas Press, 1979. OCED. Economic Survey: Portugal: 1988. Paris: OCED, 1988 [see also this series since 1978].■ Pasquier, Albert. L'Economie du Portugal: Données et Problémes de Son Expansion. Paris: Librarie Generale de Droit, 1961. Pereira da Moura, Francisco. Para onde vai e economia portuguesa? Lisbon, 1973.■ Pintado, V. Xavier. Structure and Growth of the Portuguese Economy. Geneva: EFTA, 1964.■ Pitta e Cunha, Paulo. "Portugal and the European Economic Community." In L. S. Graham and D. L. Wheeler, eds., In Search of Modern Portugal, 321-38. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1983.■. "The Portuguese Economic System and Accession to the European Community." In E. Sousa Ferreira and W. C. Opello, Jr., eds., Conflict and Change in Portugal, 1974-1984, 281-300. Lisbon, 1985. Porto, Manuel. "Portugal: Twenty Years of Change." In Alan Williams, ed., Southern Europe Transformed, 84-112. London: Harper & Row, 1984. Quarterly Economic Review. London: The Economist Intelligence Unit, 1974-present.■ Salgado de Matos, Luís. Investimentos Estrangeiros em Portugal. Lisbon, 1973 and later eds.■ Schmitt, Hans O. Economic Stabilisation and Growth in Portugal. Washington, D.C.: International Monetary Fund, 1981.■ Smith, Diana. Portugal and the Challenge of 1992. New York: Camões Center, RIIC, Columbia University, 1989.■ Tillotson, John. The Portuguese Bank Note Case [ 1920s]: Legal, Economic and Financial Approaches to the Measure of Damages in Contract. Manchester, U.K.: Faculty of Law, University of Manchester, 1992.■ Tovias, Alfred. Foreign Economic Relations of the Economic Community: The Impact of Spain and Portugal. Boulder, Colo.: Rienner, 1990.■ Valério, Nuno. A moeda em Portugal, 1913-1947. Lisbon: Sá da Costa, 1984.■. As Finanças Públicas Portuguesas Entre As Duas Guerras Mundiais. Lisbon: Cosmos, 1994.■ World Bank. Portugal: Current and Prospective Economic Trends. Washington, D.C.: World Bank, 1978 and to the present.■ PHOTOGRAPHY ON PORTUGAL■ Alves, Afonso Manuel, Antônio Sacchetti, and Moura Machado. Lisboa. Lisbon, 1991.■ Antunes, José. Lisboa do nosso olhar; A look on Lisbon. Lisbon: Câmara Municipal de Lisboa, 1991. Beaton, Cecil. Near East. London: Batsford, 1943.■. Lisboa 1942: Cecil Beaton, Lisbon 1942. Lisbon: British Historical Society of Portugal/Fundação Calouste Gulbenkian, 1995.■ Bottineau, Yves. Portugal. London: Thames & Hudson, 1957.■ Câmara Municipal de Lisboa. 7 Olhares ( Seven Viewpoints). Lisbon: Câmara Municipal de Lisboa, 1998.■ Capital, A. Lisboa: Imagens d'A Capital. Lisbon: Edit. Notícias, 1984.■ Dias, Marina Tavares. Photographias de Lisboa, 1900 ( Photographs of Lisbon, 1900). Lisbon: Quimera, 1991.■. Os melhores postais antigos de Lisboa ( The best old postcards of Lisbon). Lisbon: Químera, 1995.■ Finlayson, Graham, and Frank Tuohy. Portugal. London: Thames & Hudson, 1970.■ Glassner, Helga. Portugal. Berlin-Zurich: Atlantis-Verlag, 1942. Hopkinson, Amanda, ed. Reflections by Ten Portuguese photographers. Bark-way, U.K.: Frontline/Portugal 600, 1996.■ Lima, Luís Leiria, and Isabel Salema. Lisboa de Pedra e Bronze. Lisbon, 1990.■ Martins, Miguel Gomes. Lisboa ribeirinha ( Riverside Lisbon). Lisbon: Arquivo Municipal, Câmara Municipal de Lisboa, Livros Horizonte, 1994. Vieira, Alice. Esta Lisboa ( This Lisbon). Lisbon: Caminho, 1994. Wohl, Hellmut, and Alice Wohl. Portugal. London: Frederick Muller, 1983.■ EQUESTRIANISM■ Andrade, Manoel Carlos de, Luz da Liberal e Nobre Arte da Cavallaria. Lisbon, 1790.■ Graciosa, Filipe. Escola Portuguesa de Arte Equestre. Lisbon, 2004.■ Horsetalk Magazine. Published in New Zealand.■ Oliveira, Nuno. Reflections on the Equestrian Art. London, 2000.■ Russell, Eleanor, ed. The Truth in the Teaching of Nuno Oliveira. Stanhope,■ Queensland, Australia, 2003. Vilaca, Luis V., and Pedro Yglesias d'Oliveira, eds. LUSITANO. Coudelarias De Portugal. O Cavalo ancestral do Sudoeste da Europa. Lisbon: ICONOM, 2005.■ Websites of interest: www.equestrian.pt portugalweb.comHistorical dictionary of Portugal > CULTURE, LITERATURE, AND LANGUAGE
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17 coiffer
coiffer [kwafe]➭ TABLE 11. transitive verba. ( = peigner) coiffer qn to do sb's hairb. [+ services] to have overall responsibility forc. ( = dépasser) (inf) coiffer qn à l'arrivée or au poteau to pip sb at the post (inf) (Brit) to nose sb out (inf) (US)2. reflexive verb► se coiffer ( = se peigner) to do one's hair• tu t'es coiffé avec un râteau or un clou (humorous) you look like you've been dragged through a hedge backwards* * *kwafe
1.
1) ( arranger les cheveux de)coiffer quelqu'un — ( mettre en forme) to do somebody's hair; ( peigner) to comb somebody's hair
2) ( mettre) to put [something] on [chapeau, casque]3) ( chapeauter) [entreprise] to control; [personne] to head
2.
se coiffer verbe pronominal1) ( s'arranger les cheveux) to do one's hair; ( se peigner) to comb one' s hairtu t'es coiffé avec un clou! — you look as if you' ve been dragged through a hedge backward(s)! (colloq)
2) ( se couvrir la tête)••coiffer quelqu'un au poteau (colloq) or sur le fil — (colloq) to beat somebody by a whisker
* * *kwafe vt1) (= arranger les cheveux)2) (= surmonter) [arbres, neige, nuages] [sommet] to coverUn grand toit de tuiles coiffait la maison. — The house had a large tile roof.
3) (= être a la tête de) [service] to head up4) (= munir d'un couvre-chef)5) (= être en haut de) [sommet] to cover, [service] to head up, [subalterne] to be the superior ofUn grand toit de tuiles coiffait la maison. — The house had a large tile roof.
* * *coiffer verb table: aimerA vtr1 ( arranger les cheveux de) coiffer qn ( mettre en forme) to do sb's hair; ( peigner) to comb sb's hair; il coiffe ses cheveux en arrière he combs his hair back; il ne coiffe que les hommes he only does men's hair; se faire coiffer par qn to have one's hair done by sb; fais-toi coiffer par Georges, il est mieux que Gérard get George to do your hair, he does it better than Gérard; elle est bien coiffée her hair is nicely done; elle est mal coiffée her hair is untidy; tu n'es pas coiffé, tes cheveux ne sont pas coiffés! you haven't done your hair!; elle est coiffée court maintenant she has short hair now; être coiffée à la Jeanne d'Arc to have a pageboy hairstyle;2 ( couvrir la tête) to put [sth] on [chapeau, casque]; le chapeau qui la coiffe the hat she's wearing; le béret te coiffe bien a beret suits you; leurs chapeaux coiffent toujours bien their hats always look good; coiffer qn de qch to put sth on sb('s head); ne reste pas coiffé pendant la cérémonie take your hat off during the ceremony; coiffé d'une casquette wearing a cap;3 ( chapeauter) [entreprise] to control; [personne] to head;4 ( fournir) [chapelier] to make hats for;B se coiffer vpr1 ( s'arranger les cheveux) to do one's hair; ( se peigner) to comb one's hair; tu t'es coiffé avec un râteau or un clou! you look as if you've been dragged through a hedge backward(s)○!; les cheveux frisés se coiffent mal curly hair is difficult to keep tidy;2 ( se couvrir la tête) se coiffer de qch to put sth on; il se coiffe toujours d'un chapeau melon he always wears a bowler hat GB ou a derby hat US.être né or naître coiffé to be born with a silver spoon in one's mouth; coiffer qn au poteau○ or sur le fil to pip sb at the post GB, to nose sb out.[kwafe] verbe transitifl'enfant coiffait la poupée the child was combing ou brushing the doll's haircheveux faciles/difficiles à coiffer manageable/unmanageable hair2. [réaliser la coiffure de]elle s'est fait coiffer par Paolo, c'est Paolo qui l'a coiffée she had her hair done by Paolo3. [chapeauter] to cover the head of4. [mettre sur sa tête] to put on5. (littéraire) [couvrir]6. [diriger] to control7. (locution)————————se coiffer verbe pronominal (emploi réfléchi)1. [se peigner] to comb one's hair[arranger ses cheveux] to do one's hair2. [mettre un chapeau] to put a hat on -
18 or
I.or1 [ɔʀ]1. masculine noun2. compounds► or noir ( = pétrole) black goldII.or2 [ɔʀ]a. (mise en relief) or, ce jour-là, il n'était pas là now, on that particular day, he wasn't there• il m'a téléphoné hier, or je pensais justement à lui he phoned me yesterday, and it just so happened that I'd been thinking about himb. (opposition) but• nous l'attendions, or il n'est pas venu we waited for him but he didn't come* * *
I ɔʀ1) ( indiquant une opposition) and yettu m'as dit que tu serais à la bibliothèque, or tu n'y étais pas — you told me you'd be at the library and you weren't there
les musées sont fermés le mardi, or c'était justement un mardi — museums are closed on Tuesdays, and it just so happened that it was a Tuesday
3) ( pour récapituler)or donc, c'était la nuit et nous étions perdus — now, it was night and we were lost
II
1. ɔʀadjectif invariable [couleur] gold; [cheveux] golden
2.
nom masculin1) ( métal) gold [U]en or — [dent, bague] gold (épith); [patron, mari] marvellous [BrE]; [occasion] golden
avoir un cœur d'or or en or — to have a heart of gold
2) Architecture, Art (d'encadrement, église, de dôme) gilding [U]3) ( couleur)•Phrasal Verbs:- or blanc- or jaune- or noir••la parole est d'argent, le silence est d'or — Proverbe speech is silver, silence is golden Proverbe
rouler sur l' or — to be rolling in it (colloq) ou in money
* * *ɔʀ1. nm1) (= métal) goldl'or blanc fig — snow
2) (emplois figurés, en locution)en or; une occasion en or — a golden opportunity
une affaire en or (occasion) — a real bargain, (commerce) a gold mine
2. conj1) (avec valeur d'opposition) yet, butIl était sûr de gagner, or il a perdu. — He was sure he would win, and yet he lost.
Il s'était établi en Normandie. Or, à cette époque... — He settled in Normandy. Now, at that time...
* * *I.orB nm1 ( métal) gold ¢; or pur/fin/massif pure/fine/solid gold; gravé à l'or fin engraved in fine gold; or (à) 18/24 carats 18-/24-carat gold; or en feuille sheet gold; fil d'or gold thread; or en barres gold bullion; or en lingots gold ingots (pl); en or [dent, bague] gold ( épith); [patron, mari] marvellousGB; [occasion] golden; avoir un cœur d'or or en or fig to have a heart of gold; avoir un caractère en or fig to be pure gold; tout ce qui brille n'est pas d'or all that glitters is not gold; ⇒ poule;2 Archit, Art (d'encadrement, église, de dôme) gilding ¢; les ors d'une icône the gilding of an icon;3 ( couleur) cheveux d'or golden hair; l'or de tes cheveux your golden hair; les ors de l'automne/des champs the golden tints of autumn GB ou fall US/of the fields;4 Hérald or.or blanc white gold; or dentaire dental gold; or gris = or blanc; or jaune yellow gold; or natif native gold; or noir black gold, oil; or rouge red gold.la parole est d'argent, le silence est d'or Prov speech is silver, silence is golden; je ne le ferais pas pour tout l'or du monde I wouldn't do it for all the money in the world ou all the tea in China; rouler sur l' or, être cousu d'or to be rolling in it○ ou in money; elle parle d'or what she says is so true!II.or conj1 ( indiquant une opposition) and yet; il dit avoir passé la soirée au cinéma, or personne ne peut le confirmer he says he spent the evening at the cinema and yet nobody can confirm it; tu m'as dit que tu serais à la bibliothèque, or tu n'y étais pas you told me you'd be at the library and you weren't there; or ça, jeune homme, où vous croyez-vous? hum now then, young man, where do you think you are?;2 ( introduisant un nouvel élément) les musées sont fermés le mardi, or c'était justement un mardi museums are closed on Tuesdays, and it just so happened that it was a Tuesday; or, ce jour-là, il était sorti sans son parapluie now, on that particular day, he went out without his umbrella; il a commencé à me parler du livre, or je l'avais lu une semaine plus tôt he started talking about the book and as it happened I'd read it a week before; on lui avait offert une bouteille d'alcool, or Grovagnard était un ancien alcoolique… he'd been given a bottle of spirits as a present; now Grovagnard was a former alcoholic…; tous les hommes sont mortels, or je suis un homme, donc je suis mortel all men are mortal, I am a man, therefore I am mortal;3 ( pour récapituler) or donc, c'était la nuit et nous étions perdus now, it was night and we were lost.I[ɔr] conjonctionil faut tenir les délais; or, ce n'est pas toujours possible deadlines must be met; now this is not always possibleje devais y aller, or au dernier moment j'ai eu un empêchement I was supposed to go, but then at the last moment something came upII[ɔr] nom masculin1. [métal] goldor monnayé/au titre/sans titre coined/essayed/unessayed goldl'or blanc [les sports d'hiver] the winter sports bonanzala valeur or value in gold, gold exchange value————————[ɔr] adjectif invariable————————d'or locution adjectivale3. (locution)en or locution adjectivale2. [excellent]a. [occasion] a real bargainb. [entreprise] a goldmine -
19 savoir
savoir [savwaʀ]➭ TABLE 321. transitive verba. to know• je ne savais quoi or que dire/faire I didn't know what to say/do• oui, je (le) sais yes, I know• je crois savoir que... I believe that...• il ment -- qu'en savez-vous ? he is lying -- how do you know?• il nous a fait savoir que... he let us know that...• tu en sais, des choses (inf) you certainly know a thing or two, don't you!• qui sait ? who knows?• tu veux celui-ci ou celui-là, faudrait savoir ! (inf) do you want this one or that one, make up your mind, will you?• je sais bien, mais... I know, but...• il y a je ne sais combien de temps qu'il ne l'a vue I don't know how long it is since he last saw herb. (avec infinitif) ( = être capable de) to know how to• sans le savoir ( = sans s'en rendre compte) without knowing ; ( = sans le faire exprès) unwittingly2. masculine noun* * *
I
1. savwaʀ1) ( connaître) to know [vérité, réponse]elle en sait plus/moins que moi — she knows more/less about it than I do
va or allez savoir!, qui sait! — who knows!
est-ce que je sais, moi! — how should I know!
reste à savoir si — it remains to be seen if ou whether
ne savoir que faire pour... — to be at a loss as to how to...
on croit savoir qu'elle est à Paris — she is understood ou thought to be in Paris
sache qu'il t'a menti — I'm telling you, he was lying
la personne que vous savez, qui vous savez — you-know-who
tu viens ou pas, il faudrait savoir! — are you coming or not? make your mind up!
si tu savais or tu ne peux pas savoir comme je suis content! — you can't imagine how happy I am!
2) ( être capable de)savoir faire — to be able to do, to know how to do
je sais conduire/nager/taper à la machine — I can drive/swim/type
3) Belgicisme ( pouvoir)
2.
se savoir verbe pronominal1) ( être connu)2) ( être conscient d'être)
3.
à savoir locution adverbiale that is to say••
II savwaʀnom masculin1) ( érudition) learning2) ( science) knowledge3) ( culture) body of knowledge* * *savwaʀ1. vt1) (avoir connaissance de) to knowJe ne sais pas où il est allé. — I don't know where he's gone.
Nous ne savons pas s'il est bien arrivé. — We don't know if he's arrived safely.
Tu savais que Canberra était la capitale de l'Australie? — Did you know that Canberra was the capital of Australia?
Il ne sait pas ce qu'il va faire ce week-end. — He doesn't know what he's going to do this weekend.
je crois savoir que... — I believe that...
faire savoir qch à qn — to inform sb about sth, to let sb know sth
sans le savoir — unknowingly, unwittingly
2) (= être capable de)3) (= imaginer)il est petit: tu ne peux pas savoir! — you won't believe how small he is!
2. nm* * *savoir verb table: savoirA nm1 ( érudition) learning ¢; le savoir désintéressé learning for its own sake; un grand savoir great learning;2 ( science) knowledge ¢; le savoir médical medical knowledge; le savoir et l'expérience knowledge and experience; les savoirs et les savoir-faire knowledge and know-how;3 ( culture) body ¢ of knowledge; transmettre un savoir to pass on a body of knowledge.B vtr1 ( connaître) to know [vérité, réponse]; savoir son texte to know one's lines; savoir qch par cœur to know sth by heart; savoir que to know (that); je sais qu'elle est pauvre I know she's poor; vous n'êtes pas sans savoir que you are no doubt aware that; elle sait bien que she knows very well (that); je la savais triste I knew she was miserable; savoir quand/pourquoi to know when/why; savoir qui/ce que to know who/what; savoir combien il est difficile de faire to know how difficult it is to do; on ne sait où elle est nobody knows where she is; tu sais ce que tu veux, ou non? do you know what you want or don't you?; ne l'écoute pas, elle ne sait plus ce qu'elle dit take no notice, she doesn't know what she's saying; savoir qch sur qn to know sth about sb; ne rien savoir de qch to know nothing about sth; il ne sait rien de or sur moi he doesn't know anything about me, he knows nothing about me; elle en sait plus/moins que moi she knows more/less about it than I do; il n'en saura rien he'll never know (about it); je n'en sais rien I don't know; la douleur, elle en sait quelque chose she knows what pain is; c'est vrai, tu sais that's true, you know; va or allez savoir!, qui sait! who knows!; on ne sait jamais you never know; si seulement j'avais su if only I'd known; je (le) sais bien I know; est-ce que je sais, moi! how should I know!; il est parti pour la raison que tu sais you know very well why he left; elle n'a rien voulu savoir she just didn't want to know; fais-moi savoir si let me know if; parler sans savoir to talk about things one knows nothing about; sans le savoir without knowing (it); c'est faux, (pour autant) que je sache as far as I know, it's not true; pas que je sache not as far as I know; elle a fait savoir que she let it be known that; elle nous a fait savoir que she informed us that; je ne veux pas le savoir I don't want to know; comment l'as-tu su? how did you find out?; je l'ai su par elle she told me about it; savoir le chinois to know Chinese; bien savoir le japonais to have a good knowledge of Japanese; quelque chose qu'il sait être douloureux something he knows is painful ou to be painful; on la savait riche she was known to be rich; reste à savoir si it remains to be seen if ou whether; ne savoir que faire pour… to be at a loss as to how to…; on croit savoir qu'elle est à Paris she is understood ou thought to be in Paris; on ne leur savait pas d'ennemis they had no known enemies; sachant que given that; sache qu'il t'a menti/que j'avais raison I'm telling you, he was lying/I was right; sachez que fumer est interdit dans le bureau you should know that smoking is forbidden in the office; il a menti, et que sais-je encore! he told lies, and goodness knows GB ou who knows what else!; la personne que vous savez, qui vous savez you-know-who; je ne sais quel journaliste some journalist or other; je ne sais qui somebody or other; tu viens ou pas, il faudrait savoir! are you coming or not? make your mind up!; on va avoir une augmentation ou pas, il faudrait savoir! are we getting more money or not? let's get it straight!; elle a je ne sais combien de tableaux she's got who knows how many pictures; si tu savais or tu ne peux pas savoir comme je suis content! you can't imagine how happy I am!; tu en sais des choses! you really know a thing or two!; ⇒ vieillesse;2 ( être capable de) savoir faire to be able to do, to know how to do; savoir comment faire to know how to do; je sais conduire/nager/taper à la machine I can drive/swim/type; je sais parler espagnol I can speak Spanish; il ne sait pas dire non he can't say no; savoir pardonner to be able to forgive; savoir écouter to be a good listener; elle sait bien/mal expliquer she's good/bad at explaining things; il a su nous parler he was able to talk to us; il a su la comprendre he understood her; on ne saurait tout prévoir one cannot foresee everything; je ne saurais vous dire pourquoi I really can't say why; on ne saurait mieux dire I couldn't have put it better myself; elle sait y faire avec les enfants she's good with children; elle sait y faire avec les hommes she knows how to handle men; il pleurait tout ce qu'il savait he cried and cried;3 Belg ( pouvoir) je ne sais pas soulever la valise I can't lift the suitcase; on ne sait pas savoir ce qui va se passer it's impossible to know what will happen.C se savoir vpr1 ( être connu) ça se saurait people would know about that; à la campagne, tout se sait in the country, people get to know all that goes on; tout se sait ici people get to know everything in this place; cela a fini par se savoir word got around, it got out in the end; ça s'est su tout de suite word immediately got around;2 ( être conscient d'être) se savoir aimé to know one is loved; se savoir perdu to know one is done for.D v impers ( pouvoir) il ne saurait en être question it's completely out of the question; il ne saurait y avoir de démocratie sans égalité there can be no democracy without equality.E à savoir loc adv that is to say; dans deux jours, à savoir lundi in two days, that is to say on Monday.ne pas savoir où donner de la tête not to know whether one is coming or going; et Dieu or Diable sait quoi! and God knows what else!I[savwar] nom masculinII[savwar] verbe transitif1. [connaître - donnée, réponse, situation] to knowque savez-vous de lui? what do you know about ou of him?on le savait malade we knew ou we were aware (that) he was illje ne te savais pas si susceptible I didn't know ou I didn't realize ou I never thought you were so touchy2. [être informé de]que va-t-il arriver à Tintin? pour le savoir, lisez notre prochain numéro! what's in store for Tintin? find out in our next issue!pour en savoir plus, composez le 34 15 for more information ou (if you want) to know more, phone 34 15ce n'est pas elle qui l'a dénoncé — qu'en savez-vous? she wasn't the one who turned him in — what do you know about it ou how do you know?il est venu ici, mais personne n'en a rien su he came here, but nobody found out about iten savoir long sur quelqu'un/quelque chose to know a great deal about somebody/somethingoh oui ça fait mal, j'en sais quelque chose! yes, it's very painful, I can tell you!il n'aime pas les cafardeurs — tu dois en savoir quelque chose! he doesn't like sneaks — you'd know all about that!je crois savoir qu'ils ont annulé la conférence I have reason ou I'm led to believe that they called off the conferencetout le monde sait que... it's a well-known fact ou everybody knows that...je ne sais combien, on ne sait combien [d'argent] who knows how muchje ne sais comment, on ne sait comment God knows howje ne sais où, on ne sait où God knows whereje ne sais quel/quelle some... or othersans trop savoir quoi faire [attendre, marcher] aimlesslyje ne sais qui, on ne sait qui somebody or otheril vendait des tapis, des bracelets et que sais-je encore he was selling carpets, bracelets and goodness/God knows what elseoui, oui, je sais! yes, yes, I'm aware of that ou I know ou I realize!où est-elle? — est-ce que je sais, moi? (familier) where is she? — search me ou don't ask me ou how should I know?si j'avais su, je ne t'aurais rien dit if I'd known, I wouldn't have said a word (to you)je ne sache pas qu'on ait modifié le calendrier (soutenu & humoristique) , on n'a pas modifié le calendrier, que je sache the calendar hasn't been altered that I know of ou as far as I knowje n'en sais trop rien I'm not too sure, I don't really knowcomment savoir? how can you tell ou know?on ne sait jamais, sait-on jamais you never know4. [apprendre]on a fini par savoir qu'un des ministres était compromis it finally leaked out that one of the ministers was compromisedfaire savoir quelque chose à quelqu'un to inform somebody ou to let somebody know of somethingsi elle arrive, faites-le moi savoir if she comes, let me knowsavoir faire quelque chose to know how to ou to be able to do somethingtu sais plonger/conduire? can you dive/drive?il ne sait pas/sait bien faire la cuisine he's a bad/good cooksi je sais bien compter/lire if I count/read rightil sait parler/vendre he's a good talker/salesmanquand on lui a demandé qui était président à l'époque, il n'a pas su répondre when asked who was President at the time, he didn't know (what the answer was)elle ne sait pas se reposer [elle travaille trop] she doesn't know when to stopil a su rester jeune/modeste he's managed to remain young/modestsavoir s'y prendre: savoir s'y prendre avec les enfants to know how to handle children, to be good with childrensavoir y faire: laisse-moi découper le poulet, tu ne sais pas y faire let me carve the chicken, you don't know how to do iton ne saurait être plus aimable/déplaisant you couldn't be nicer/more unpleasantsachez-le bien make no ou let there be no mistake about thisil faut savoir que le parti n'a pas toujours suivi Staline you've got to remember that the Party didn't always toe the Stalinist linesache qu'en fait, c'était son idée you should know that in fact, it was his ideaa. [à cause d'un choc, de la vieillesse] she's become confusedb. [sous l'effet de la colère] she's beside herself (with anger)il est tellement soûl qu'il ne sait plus ce qu'il dit he's so drunk he doesn't know what he's sayingtu ne sais pas ce que tu veux/dis you don't know what you want/what you're talking about8. [imaginer]ne (plus) savoir que ou quoi faire to be at a loss as to what to do, not to know what to doil ne sait plus quoi faire pour se rendre intéressant he'd stop at nothing ou there's nothing he wouldn't do to attract attention to himselfje ne savais plus où me mettre ou me fourrer (familier) [de honte] I didn't know where to put myself9. (Belgique)il ne sait pas venir demain [il ne peut pas venir demain] he can't make it tomorrowses résultats ne sont pas brillants, savez-vous? [n'est-ce pas] his results aren't very good, are they ou am I right?10. [pour prendre l'interlocuteur à témoin]ce n'est pas toujours facile, tu sais! it's not always easy, you know!tu sais, je ne crois pas à ses promesses to tell you the truth, I don't believe in her promisestu sais que tu commences à m'énerver? (familier) you're getting on my nerves, you know that ou d'you know that?————————[savwar] adverbe————————se savoir verbe pronominal (emploi passif)[nouvelle] to become knownje ne veux pas que ça se sache I don't want it to be publicized ou to get aroundcela ou ça (familier) se saurait : ça se saurait s'il était si doué que ça (familier) if he was that good, you'd know about it————————se savoir verbe pronominal intransitif[personne]————————à savoir locution adverbialeson principal prédateur, à savoir le renard its most important predator, namely the fox————————à savoir que locution conjonctivemeaning ou to the effect that (soutenu)il nous a donné sa réponse, à savoir qu'il accepte he's given us his answer, that is, he accepts ou to the effect that he accepts————————savoir si locution conjonctive -
20 français
français, e [fʀɑ̃sε, εz]1. adjective2. adverb3. masculine nouna. ( = langue) French• c'est une faute de français ≈ it's a grammatical mistake4. feminine noun* * *Française fʀɑ̃sɛ, ɛz nom masculin, féminin Frenchman/Frenchwomanle Français moyen — gén the average Frenchman; péj the typical Frenchman
* * *fʀɑ̃sɛ, ɛz nm/f Français, -e* * *B nm Ling French.————————b. [les hommes] Frenchmenle Français n'aime pas... the average Frenchman ou French person doesn't like...————————nom masculin————————à la française locution adjectivale————————à la française locution adverbiale
См. также в других словарях:
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